Overview of the Branches of Chemistry

Review of the Branches of Chemistry There are a few parts of science. Here is a rundown of the primary parts of science, with a review of what each part of science considers. Sorts of Chemistry Agrochemistry - This part of science may likewise be called agrarian science. It manages the utilization of science for horticultural creation, food preparing, and ecological remediation because of agribusiness. Scientific Chemistry - Analytical science is the part of science engaged with examining the properties of materials or creating apparatuses to break down materials. Astrochemistry - Astrochemistry is the investigation of the organization and responses of the concoction components and atoms found in the stars and in space and of the collaborations between this issue and radiation. Natural chemistry - Biochemistry is the part of science worried about the synthetic responses that happen inside living life forms. Compound Engineering - Chemical designing includes the functional use of science to take care of issues. Science History - Chemistry history is the part of science and history that follows the advancement after some time of science as a science. Somewhat, speculative chemistry is incorporated as a subject of science history. Group Chemistry - This part of science includes the investigation of bunches of bound particles, halfway in size between single atoms and mass solids. Combinatorial Chemistry - Combinatorial science includes PC recreation of particles and responses between atoms. Electrochemistry - Electrochemistry is the part of science that includes the investigation of concoction responses in an answer at the interface between an ionic transmitter and an electrical channel. Electrochemistry might be viewed as the investigation of electron move, especially inside an electrolytic arrangement. Ecological Chemistry - Environmental science is the science related with soil, air, and water and of human effect on common frameworks. Food Chemistry - Food science is the part of science related with the synthetic procedures of all parts of food. Numerous parts of food science depend on natural chemistry, yet it fuses different teaches too. General Chemistry - General science inspects the structure of issue and the response among issue and vitality. It is the reason for different parts of science. Geochemistry - Geochemistry is the investigation of synthetic arrangement and compound procedures related with the Earth and different planets. Green Chemistry - Green science is worried about procedures and items that kill or diminish the utilization or arrival of perilous substances. Remediation might be viewed as a major aspect of green science. Inorganic Chemistry - Inorganic science is the part of science that manages the structure and connections between inorganic mixes, which are any intensifies that arent situated in carbon-hydrogen bonds. Energy - Kinetics looks at the rate at which substance responses happen and the components that influence the pace of synthetic procedures. Therapeutic Chemistry - Medicinal science is science as it applies to pharmacology and medication. Nanochemistry - Nanochemistry is worried about the get together and properties of nanoscale gatherings of iotas or particles. Atomic Chemistry - Nuclear science is the part of science related with atomic responses and isotopes. Natural Chemistry - This part of science manages the science of carbon and living things. Photochemistry - Photochemistry is the part of science worried about associations among light and matter. Physical Chemistry - Physical science is the part of science that applies material science to the investigation of science. Quantum mechanics and thermodynamics are instances of physical science disciplines. Polymer Chemistry - Polymer science or macromolecular science is the part of science the looks at the structure and properties of macromolecules and polymers and finds better approaches to integrate these atoms. Strong State Chemistry - Solid state science is the part of science that is centered around the structure, properties, and compound procedures that happen in the strong stage. Quite a bit of strong state science manages the union and portrayal of new strong state materials. Spectroscopy - Spectroscopy inspects the associations among issue and electromagnetic radiation as an element of frequency. Spectroscopy generally is utilized to distinguish and recognize synthetic concoctions dependent on their spectroscopic marks. Thermochemistry - Thermochemistry might be viewed as a sort of Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry includes the investigation of warm impacts of synthetic responses and the warm vitality trade between forms. Hypothetical Chemistry - Theoretical science applies science and material science counts to clarify or make forecasts about concoction wonders. There is cover between the various parts of science. For instance, a polymer scientist regularly knows a great deal of natural science. A researcher gaining practical experience in thermochemistry knows a great deal of physical science.

BDM midterm Essay Example for Free

BDM midterm Essay Ralph Edmund cherishes steak and potatoes. Accordingly, he has chosen to go on a consistent eating regimen of just these two nourishments for every one of his suppers. Ralph understands this isn't the most advantageous eating regimen, so he needs to ensure that he eats the correct amounts of the two nourishments to fulfill some key healthful prerequisites. He has acquired the accompanying wholesome and costs information. The Oak Works is a family possessed business that makes hand made lounge area tables and seats. They acquire the oak from a nearby tree ranch, which ships them 2500 pounds of oak every month. Each table uses 50 pounds of oak while each seat utilizes 25 pounds of oak. The family fabricates all the furniture itself and has 480 hours of work accessible every month. Each table or seat requires 6 hours of work. Each table nets Oak Works $400 in benefit, while each seat nets them $100 in benefit. Since seats are frequently sold with tables they need to create at any rate twice the same number of seats as tables. Equation a direct program to amplify benefit.

CTL Brainstorming Day 2013

CTL Brainstorming Day 2013 On November 1, 2013, more than 150 career professionals from 6 countries met for the annual Career Thought Leaders’ Global Career Brainstorming Day to discuss best practices, innovations, trends, and other factors currently impacting global job search and career management. I am pleased to write about their findings, just as I have for the last 3 years! Resumes are not dead! Even if you get your foot in the door with LinkedIn or an Executive Bio, your resume will still be a key part of your job search process. You absolutely must show a recruiter, in no uncertain terms, how you will solve their client companies’ problems. And you’ll need to make your great impression in not 15 or 20 seconds, but six (6)!! Here are the top 10 takeaways I’d like to share for resumes in 2014: Focus on your most current position. Many people reading resumes do not even look past that first position, so capture their attention right away! Remember that many recruiters are reading resumes on their phones, so make them mobile-friendly (there are applications available to create mobile-friendly resumes). Go for succinctness and clarity of direction, especially in your personal branding. Less is more. That means no 5-6-line summary paragraphs! Include quotes/testimonials on your resume â€" these tidbits are even easier to collect now that LinkedIn recommendations are so commonly given. Create multiple versions of your resume â€" for email, mobile, social media profiles, and yes, one on paper for networking and interviews. In most cases, keep your resume to 1-2 pages. Of course there are exceptions to this rule. In Europe, you may still include a photo, birth date and information about your familial relationships on your resume (Do NOT do this in the U.S., the U.K. or Australia). Generally, the U.S.-style “multinational” resume is becoming the norm. Be sure to have an ATS-friendly resume available for on-line applications. You might want one resume that works for both humans and ATS systems, or you might choose a format that works for both. Consider creating an infographic resume, which is a rising trend. Twitter resumes, video clips and other multi-media presentations will also make you stand out from the competition. Snail mailing a resume can make a good impression! Do it in addition to emailing and submitting on line! Don’t be afraid to include hyperlinks on your resume. This is a great way to keep things concise while offering a portal into the depth of your experience. More and more, resumes are becoming an aggregation of social media, with less content in the resume itself. Wondering about LinkedIn? LinkedIn profiles are a complement to your resume, not a carbon copy. LinkedIn provides an opportunity to be more personal and engaging. As recommended in my e-book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, create a robust LinkedIn profile complete with multimedia presentations, projects and videos. And use your LinkedIn Summary to project your “motivation, passion and individuality.” For more detail about trends in a range of job search categories, please go to the full article, Findings of 2013 Global Career Brainstorming Day:   Trends for the Now, the New the Next in Careers. For last year’s report, see my article, Are You Up on the Top Resume Cover Letter Trends of 2012-2013? Were you surprised by any of the findings?   What did you learn?   Please share in the comments below.

Hidden Children of the Holocaust - Physical Hiding

Under the persecution and terror of the Third Reich, Jewish children could not afford simple, childlike pleasures. Though the seriousness of their every action may not have been known in absolutes to them, they lived in a realm of cautiousness and distrust. They were forced to wear the yellow badge, forced out of school, taunted and attacked by others their age, and disallowed from parks and other public places. Some Jewish children went into hiding to escape the increasing persecution and, most importantly, the deportations. Although the most famous example of children in hiding is the story of Anne Frank, every child in hiding had a different experience. There were two main forms of hiding. The first was physical hiding, where children physically hid in an annex, attic, cabinet, etc. The second form of hiding was pretending to be Gentile. Physical Hiding Physical hiding represented an attempt to hide ones complete existence from the outside world.   Location: A place to hide had to be found. Through family and friends, information spread through a network of acquaintances. Someone might offer to hide the family for free, others might ask a price. The size, comfort, and security of hiding places varied tremendously. I dont know how the contact was arranged, but there we stayed in what was actually a cabinet, only sixty or seventy centimeters wide. The length of it would have been a couple of meters because we could all lie on top of each other comfortably. My parents couldnt stand, but I could, and I sort of walked between them. This cabinet was in a cellar, so it was well hidden. Our presence there was so secret, not even the children of the hiding family knew that we were there. That was where we stayed for thirteen months!---Richard Rozen, six years old when went into hiding Children were most often not told about the presence of the hiding place in advance. The location of the hiding place had to remain an absolute secret -- their lives depended on it. Then would come the day to finally move into their hiding place. For some, this day was preplanned; for others, this day was the day they heard word about impending harm or deportation. As nonchalantly as possible, the family would pack a few remaining, important items and leave their home.Daily Life: Each day, these children woke up, knowing that they must be extremely quiet, must move slowly, and that they would not be allowed to leave the confinement of their hiding place. Many of these children would go months, even years, without seeing daylight. In some instances, their parents would make them do a few indoor exercises and stretches to keep their muscles active. In hiding, children had to remain absolutely quiet. Not only was there no running, but there was also no talking or laughing, no walking, and even no flushing the toilets (or dumping the chamber pots). To keep busy, many children would read (sometimes they read the same couple of books over and over because they didnt have access to any new ones), draw (though the supply of paper was not plentiful), listen to stories, listen to adults talking, play with imaginary friends, etc.  Fear: In bunkers (hiding places within ghettoes) the fear of Nazi capture was very great. Jews hid in their hiding places when they were ordered for deportation. Nazis would go from house to house in search of any Jews that were hiding.  The Nazis looked in each house, looked for fake doors, fake walls, mats covering an opening.  When we got to the loft, we found it crowded and the people very tense. There was one young woman trying to comfort an infant who was crying. It was just a tiny baby, but he wouldnt go to sleep, and she couldnt stop him from crying. Finally, she was given a choice by the other adults: Take your crying baby and leave -- or kill the infant. She smothered it. I dont remember if the mother cried, but you didnt have the luxury of weeping. Life was so precious and so ch eap at the same time. You did what you could to save yourself.---Kim Fendrick, six years old when went into hidingFood and Water: Though the families brought some food and provisions with them, no family was prepared to stay in hiding for several years. They soon ran out of food and water. It was difficult to get additional food since most people were on rations. Some families would send one member out at night in the hopes of catching something. Fetching fresh water was also not easy. Some people couldnt take the stench and the darkness, so they left, but ten of us remained in that sewer - for fourteen months! During that time we never went outside or saw daylight. We lived with webs and moss hanging on the wall. The river not only smelled terrible but also it was full of diseases. We got dysentery, and I remember Pavel and me were sick with unrelenting diarrhea. There was only enough clean water for each of us to have half a cup a day. My parents didnt even drink theirs; they gave it to Pavel and me so that we wouldnt die from dehydration.  ---Dr. Kristine Keren, Lack of water became a problem for other reasons too. With no access to a regular supply of water, there was no water to bathe in. Opportunities to wash ones clothes became few and far between. Lice and diseases were rampant. Even though I wasnt eating much, I was being eaten unbelievably. The lice down there were very bold. They would walk out onto my face. Everywhere I put my hand, there was another one. Fortunately, Rosia had a pair of scissors an cut off all my hair. There were body lice too. They would lay eggs in the seams of our clothing. For the whole six or seven months, I was down there in the hole, the only real fun I had was cracking the nits with my thumbnail. It was the only way in which I had even the slightest control over what was going on in my life.---Lola Kaufman, seven years old when went into hidingSickness and Death: Being completely secluded also had many other problems. If someone got sick, they could not be taken to a doctor, nor could one be brought to them. Children suffered through many maladies that could have been tempered if not controlled by contemporary medicine. But what happened if someone did not survive the illness? If you did not exist, then how could there be a body? One year after Selma Goldstein and her parents went into hiding, her father died. The problem was how to get him out of the house, Goldstein recalled. The people next door and the family across the road were Dutch Nazis. So my father was sewn into a bed and the neighbors were told that the bed had to be cleaned. The bed was carried out of the house with my father in it. Then it was brought to a country estate out of town where a good policeman stood guard while my father was buried. For Goldstein, the normal process of mourning the death of her father was replaced by the horrible dilemma of how to get rid of his body.Arrest and Deportation: Though daily life and the proble ms they encountered were difficult to deal with, the real fear was being found. Sometimes the owners of the house they were staying in would be arrested. Sometimes there was information passed that their hiding place was known; thus, the need to evacuate immediately. Because of these situations, Jews often moved hiding places relatively frequently. Sometimes, though, as with  Anne Frank and her family,  the Nazis discovered the hiding place - and they were not warned. When discovered, adults and children were deported to the camps. Hidden Identities Just about everyone has heard of Anne Frank. But have you heard of Jankele Kuperblum, Piotr Kuncewicz, Jan Kochanski, Franek Zielinski, or Jack Kuper? Probably not. Actually, they were all the same person. Instead of hiding physically, some children lived within society but took on a different name and identity in an attempt to hide their Jewish ancestry. The example above actually represents only one child who became these separate identities as he transversed the countryside pretending to be Gentile. The children who hid their identity had a variety of experiences and lived in various situations.   Varied Experiences: Some children stayed with their parents or just their mother and lived among Gentiles with their host not knowing their true identity. Some children were left alone in convents or among families. Some children wandered from village to village as a farmhand. But no matter what the circumstances, all these children shared the need to hide their Jewishness.Children Who Could Hide Their Identity: The people that hid these children wanted children that would be the least risk to them. Thus, young children, especially young girls, were the most easily placed. Youth  was favored because the childs past life was short, thus did not greatly guide their identity. Young children were not likely to slip up or leak information about their Jewishness. Also, these children more easily adapted to their new homes. Girls were more easily placed, not because of a better temperament, but because they lacked the tell-tale sign that boys carried - a circumcised penis. No amount of wo rds or documents could cover or excuse this if it were discovered. Because of this risk, some young boys that were forced to hide their identity were dressed up as girls. Not only did they lose their names and background, but they also lost their gender. My fictional name was Marysia Ulecki. I was supposed to be a distant cousin of the people who were keeping my mother and me. The physical part was easy. After a couple of years in hiding with no haircuts, my hair was very long. The big problem was language. In Polish when a boy says a certain word, its one way, but when a girl says the same word, you change one or two letters. My mother spent a lot of time teaching me to speak and walk and act like a girl. It was a lot to learn, but the task was simplified slightly by the fact that I was supposed to be a little bit backward. They didnt risk taking me to school, but they took me to church. I remember some kid tried to flirt with me, but the lady we were living with told him not to bother with me because I was retarded. After that, the kids left me alone except to make fun of me. In order to go to the bathroom like a girl, I had to practice. It wasnt easy! Quite often I used to come back with wet shoes. But since I was supposed to be a little backward, wetting my shoes made my act all the more convincing.br/>---Richard Rozen Continually Tested: To hide amongst Gentiles by pretending to be Gentile took courage, strength, and determination. Every day these children came upon situations in which their identity was tested. If their real name was Anne, they had better not turn their head if that name were called. Also, what if someone were to recognize them or question their supposed familial relationship with their host? There were many Jewish adults and children who could never attempt to hide their identity within society because of their outward appearance or their voice sounded stereotypically Jewish. Others whose outward appearance did not bring them into  question  had to be careful of their language and of their movements.Going to Church: To  appear Gentile, many children had to go to church. Having never been to church, these children had to find ways to cover for their lack of knowledge. Many children tried to fit into this new role my mimicking others. We had to live and behave like Christians. I was expected to go to confession because I was old enough to have already had my first communion. I didnt have the slightest idea what to do, but I found a way to handle it. Id made friends with some Ukrainian children, and I said to one girl, Tell me how to go to confession in Ukrainian and Ill tell you how we do it in Polish. So she told me what to do and what to say. Then she said, Well, how do you do it in Polish? I said, Its exactly the same, but you speak Polish. I got away with that -- and I went to confession. My problem was that I couldnt bring myself to lie to a priest. I told him it was my first confession. I didnt realize at the time that girls had to wear white dresses and be part of a special ceremony when making their first communion. The priest either didnt pay attention to what I said or else he was a wonderful man, but he didnt give me away.---Rosa Sirota After the War For the children and for many survivors, liberation did not mean the end of their suffering.   Very young children, that were hidden within families, knew nor remembered anything about their real or biological families. Many had been babies when they first entered their new homes. Many of their real families did not come back after the war. But for some  their real families were strangers. Sometimes, the host family was not willing to give up these children after the war. A few organizations were established to kidnap the Jewish children and give them back to their real families. Some host families, though sorry to see the young child go, kept in contact with the children. After the war, many of these children had conflicts adapting to their true identity. Many had been acting Catholic for so long that they had trouble grasping their Jewish ancestry. These children were the survivors and the future - yet they did not identify with being Jewish. How often they must have heard, But you were only a child - how much could it have affected you?How often they must have felt, Though I suffered, how can I be considered a victim or a survivor compared to those who were in the camps?How often they must have cried, When will it be over?

Essay on Designer Babies - 1937 Words

Designer Babies I’ve been poked and prodded at ever since I can remember, but what I didn’t know was that I was actually a poked and prodded at individual even before my existence. Transplanted DNA is what they should have named me instead of Wang. I find my existence to be not as real or as wanted as others who were conceived naturally with both loving parents and even the idea of other loving parents adopting their children. It just seems unfair that my parents would make decisions for me before I was even born. The idea of someone wanting to create their child is absurd. Our bodies own process of getting rid of the bad genes is something we can not control. We can not begin to have the same instinct as our bodies. Allowing this to go†¦show more content†¦Sure the genes come from the birth parents, but altering the outcome of both the mother and father combined defeats the whole point of making a baby together. â€Å"What is more, we know from tracking the life of the adult exactly what the designer baby will look like at the age of two, ten, twenty, thirty and so on† (Dixon). The idea of knowing what ones child will look like when it grows up defeats the whole purpose of life itself. There are no surprises, no set backs, just this steady ongoing nothingness forming a society where there is no more emotions. Parents should love their child for the person they become, no matter what decisions they make in their lifetime. Decisions only they themselves can make, based on their own thoughts. Thus, piecing together the person and their identity, like a puzzle of who they want to grow up to be. Not being able to choose hair and eye color is like taking away that persons right as an individual, freedom of choice. The unborn child will grow up to make their own choices, regardless of the way nature intended them to look like. This is inevitable, and the way of life. Otherwise the child exists as a trophy in the eyes of its parents. A life created against the beauty of traits that make each person unique in their own, one of a kind self made image. Life is a precious commodity, the only thing we ourselves have full control over. The twistsShow MoreRelatedDesigner Babies1566 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Review of Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Author: Siew Yang Yi Yin Ren. Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering. MURJ Volume 12, Spring 2005. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism’s genome through direct human manipulation of the DNA using modern technology. Although classical genetic methods using selective breeding has been done by humans since thousands of years ago, the manipulation of genome of organism through advanceRead MoreThe Invention Of Designer Babies1257 Words   |  6 Pagespotential to genetically modify embryos has created controversy whether this procedure if ‘morally correct.’ ‘Designer babies’ have been created by screening embryos for genetic diseases. However, ‘Designer babies’ has also been used to contain selected desired qualities such as eye colour, hair colour and skin complexion. The question remains, â€Å"where is the line drawn for ‘designer babies?’† In Vitro Fertilisation â€Å"In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is a procedure in which eggs (ova) from a woman s ovaryRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesblond hair, artistic, female. Congratulations, you’ve just created what you think is the perfect child. However, there is one small problem with this plan; someone has already tried to create the perfect human. His name is Adolf Hitler. Designer Babies, a form of human genetic engineering, should be banned. When a human is created with a different embryo in a lab that child can feel a lost sense of identity; also, genetic engineering can lead to a loss of human diversity and an imbalance betweenRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthought is scary. Nature has always taken us down the right path but are we really ready to take control? Do we really know enough? Can we handle the consequences? The term that is used for genetically enhanced people is â€Å"Designer Babies†. The Oxford dictionary defines it as â€Å"a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics.†. Basically an embryo is createdRead MoreDesigner Babies? Essays841 Words   |  4 PagesDesigner Babies Parents can now pick a kids sex and screen for genetic illness. Will they someday select brains and beauty too? In the ever- advancing technological world, scientists discover new and efficient ways to advance society each and every single day. Imagine being able to choose your childs body type, or personality, or IQ. It is not as farfetched as it sounds. Its a process called Gene Therapy, and is being perfected right now. This process rules out any unknowns in childbirthRead MoreCreating a Designer Baby2223 Words   |  9 Pagesmade-to-order child’ (Shannon). With rising concerns of building a baby through eugenics and IVF or In Vitro Fertilization, the government, court systems, activists, and public media is starting to take notice. Being able to pick your babies’ generic make up would be an ethical disaster with a slippery slope into an era where one’s child is created by man with build-a-baby qualities instead of the natural creation of a new life. Creating a designer baby through IVF technology would have severe consequences notRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesDesigner Babies Since the time DNA was discovered, genetic modification has been advancing in our world. Around the late 20th century designing babies became a new topic. Genetic engineering is a powerful and potentially very dangerous tool. To alter the sequence of nucleotides of the DNA that code for the structure of complex living organisms, can have extremely ill effects although the potential benefits can be huge. Today’s advances in gene therapy make it possible to remove bad genes andRead MoreThe Invention Of Designer Babies902 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein is fictional, with modern technologies, the creation of designer babies is an increasing reality. Designer babies are genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits, which can vary from lowered disease risk to gender selection (â€Å"Ethics of Designer Babies† 1). With the possibility of designer babies becoming a reality, many ethical arguments have come into play. Within these arguments the pros and c ons of designer babies are discussed and many ethical issues are brought up. ThereRead MoreThe Ethics Of Designer Babies943 Words   |  4 PagesClara Johnson Prof. Sara Clark English Composition Essay #4 The Ethics of Designer Babies As we stand in the world today, we as humans have never been more technologically advanced or scientifically intelligent. We have the ability to explore outer space and the depths of the oceans. We are even in the process of developing organs using 3D printing technology. But there is a limit to the extent of advancements that humankind can reach before some begin to pose dangers to humanity or become unethicalRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesDesigner Babies In the 21st century, genetics will dominate our food, our health, and our environment. Scientists are now talking about the latest taboo on the horizon, hand picking the genes of our children. The questions arise everywhere from society. Have we gone too far with the human genome project? Do we risk creating children as a medical commodity? Could it ultimately lead to parents demanding genetically-engineered offspring with good looks, intelligence, or athletic abilities? It is

Objective of Punishment Free Essays

Objectives of Punishment There have been many rules throughout history some choose to follow those rules and some choose to break the rules. The big question is the product to those who should break the rules. There was a day when parents could spank their children freely and accepted as simply normal. We will write a custom essay sample on Objective of Punishment or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the years went on, society started to see how people would take it too far. Therefore, laws had to change. It is the same within today’s prison system. Individuals are in prison because they broke the rules and would have to serve their time. Some go to federal prison and some go to state prisons. It depends on the type of crime that a person commits; because these prisons harbor different types of criminals they also have different guidelines to follow in terms to punishing the inmates. How does sending one person to state or one person to federal prison affect the correctional system altogether? The State of California’s main goal of sentencing is to match the community sanctions with the offender. The types of community sanctions include: Criminal offenders who benefit from prevention services and are at risk of committing more crimes include: juvenile offenders with learning difficulties, high school dropouts, and urban youth gang members. Prevention services may include activities such as special education programs, and big brother programs. Criminal offenders who have received and benefited from these early intervention services are mostly first time offenders. Early intervention programs can significantly decrease the offender’s chances for committing crimes in the future. Offenders need substance abuse and alcohol counseling-related services, work skill development, and education, (Nieto, 1996). Offenders eligible for these programs are people in prison who can divert to alternative services and programs. The convicted offenders can be a second time or even a third time offenders who failed probation and even convicted of several of nonviolent offenses. California’s â€Å"three strike’s law,† can result in convicted felon sentenced to prison for life if the convicted offenders first two felonies were violent crimes and the third felony committed by the repeat offender is also a violent crime, (Nieto, 1996). The main goal of these sentencing guidelines is to put the targeted offenders with appropriate community sanctions. However, there are some differences and variations in the California sentencing guidelines, which include the punishment by the nature of crime committed, frequency, and severity. A good example took place in Michigan. If an offender is arrested for burglary, which is a class ‘C’ felony in the state of Michigan, and a previous drug arrest, which are also a class C crime. The Michigan sentencing guideline rates provide sentencing options from alternative community corrections to a two-year prison sentence, (Nieto, 1996). The community correction’s alternative gives the judge the option of sentencing the criminal offender to a community-based and secured substance abuse treatment program for a period of six months. Upon successful completion of the treatment program, the offender must complete a probationary period. The discretion of the judge comes from a vast array of options. However, if an offender is found guilty of a serious felony and has prior nonviolent felony, sentencing guidelines provide community corrections and alternatives are not authorized and a minimum two-year prison sentence may be requisite, (Nieto, 1996). Until 1975, the federal bureau of prisons operated under the principles of the medical model of managing inmates. The medical model entailed educational, vocational, and treatment programs that attempted to transform criminal behavior into a positive and productive behaviors that would benefit society. The medical model utilized the federal inmate classification system to manage the inmate population and promote individualized treatment, (Miller, 2011). By 1975, the federal bureau of prisons had a much greater inmate population than it had several decades earlier during its inception, and they adopted the balanced model to manage those inmates. The balanced model no longer promoted individualized treatment. The balanced model was a composite model that focused on a combination of the principles of rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation, (Miller, 2011). Several other major changes over the last few decades have affected the sentencing of those convicted of violating federal laws. The U. S. Sentencing Commission of 985 limited the use of probation for federal offenses, particularly for drug offenses and violent crimes. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 limited the amount of time the prisoners could reduce from their sentences for good behavior. This new law mandated that federal prisoners must serve a minimum of 85% of their sentence. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 also abolished the use of parole for federal p risoners, (Miller, 2011). Federal prisons manage their inmates within the guidelines of a Prisoners Bill of Rights. The prisoner’s rights include clean and decent living environments. Prisoners also have the rights to develop and maintain skills as a productive worker and have the rights to maintain and reinforce family and community ties, (Miller, 2011). The adoption of prisoner rights has helped the federal prisons avoid much of the legal turmoil that has embroiled the state prison systems. Most of the United States economist believed that in today’s times, the USA experiences the most drastic crisis in decades. All states in the United States report about significant budget shortfalls. As the results, the state governments significantly have to reduce their spending for correctional system. For the last two decades of the 20th Century, the spending for state and federal penitentiaries increased 600% because of the growth of measured requiring economic expenditures, for example, mandatory minimum sentences, truth in sentencing laws and three-strike legislation, (Carlson, 2008). Although economic trends started affecting the consideration of sentencing policy, the public attitude toward crimes has greatly changed. Polls show that more people think that it is necessary to address the root causes of crimes and less support the use of strict measures toward criminals. The attitude toward mandatory sentencing also underwent a change. The pool conducted in 2005 showed that 38% think that mandatory sentencing is a good idea whereas 45% of respondents prefer judicial discretion. This radical change in the attitude can be causing significant drop in the crime rate registered in the country, (Carlson, 2008). State and federal governments respond to the impact of the economic crisis on the correction system in a number of ways. The nature of problems varies, depending on the state, and so varies the strategies used. The most popular measures are as follows: prison closings, cuts of the staff in corrections, reviewing the budget of corrections concerning nonessentials, reconsidering sentencing schemes, establishing sentencing committees and commissions. Everything in life changes all the time and will always be that way, which is why everything about the past be called history. The rules and regulations for punishing the wicked and wrong doers always have been around. Many past mistakes made; consequently, the rules had to have either adjusted or completely erased altogether to fix these mistakes. The system of punishment is not a design to humiliate or degrade individual in any way, it is an intention to teach the difference between what is right and what is wrong according to the guidelines set forth by government officials. As the rules and regulations change, it affects the state and federal prison systems. They have had to become more lenient and tolerant with the individuals punished for their crimes. Still they have to try to maintain order within the walls of the confinement even though tougher laws outside the walls are making it easier to put individuals behind bars causing overcrowding and less money for security. References Carlson, Peter M. (2008). Garrett, Judith Simon, Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Miller, Whitehead (2011). Report Writing for Criminal Justice Professionals, 4th Edition, p140, Chapter 6, State and Federal Prisons, Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Nieto, Marcus (May 1996). Community Correction Punishments: An Alternative To Incarceration for Nonviolent Offenders. http://www. library. ca. gov/crb/96/08/#RTFToC6. How to cite Objective of Punishment, Papers

Meditation in the Buddhist Traditions-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: What are the Nature of Meditation in the Buddhist traditions and why it is Important? Answer: Topic Definition 2500 years ago in India Buddhism began and till date in the East it is the most dominant religion. Worldwide, Buddhism has over 360 million followers. In USA solely one can find over one million Buddhist followers. The concept of Buddhism has influenced even the western cultures of the world through its teachings in distinct areas such as in meditation practices. Buddhism promotes the belief of non violence. In 500 BCE in India there was an Indian price and his name was Gautama. The young price was in internal turmoil to see the sufferings of the life outside the walls of the palace he lived in. He went out to seek answer to many questions he had about life. He succeeded in finding the answers and preached his teachings f or the rest of his life (Gethin, 2015). Buddhist Schools There are many forms of Buddhism. Some believers believe in deity worships while others believe on rituals. There are many schools of thought but the main teachings of all the different schools of thought remains to be the same and that is ending lifes sufferings and ending the rebirth cycle of life. After Gautama Buddha died eighteen different schools of Buddhism emerged. All of them were different representations of Buddhist teachings. Slowly with time all these different schools were merged into two primary schools- Theravada and Mahayana (K and Thera, 2005). Theravada school- As per this school of Buddhist teaching the potentials inside a person to attain Buddha hood can be unleashed only through effort and hard work. Mahayana school The Mahayana Buddhism considered every individual possess the potential inside themselves to attain Buddha hood. Hence they must seek towards salvation using Superior beings known as Bodhisattvas. Meditation mindfulness People are often having the misconception that a spiritual life is one which exists somewhere in the sky. Our daily life is just mundane manifestations of our own selves. Many people also think that to be spiritual one has to leave their normal Earthly life and be alone somewhere away from friends and family. There cannot be anything more wrong than this concept. To be spiritual mean to be kind and to be a humble human being, to be kind to ones own self and to others as well. The question is how can one cultivate kindness in their heart? Just saying the self to be kinder does not always work out properly. For developing this kind of a thought process meditation is recommended. This is also known as deep thinking in Buddhism. The teachings ask people that when they wake up they should start a deep thinking habit. Such a meditation practice must be done before leaving the bed when one has just woke up and the mind is empty of any worldly thoughts (Chodron, 2013). Literature Review Meditation Meditation is a course of action of the mind and the body which is used by an individual for separating themselves from their feelings and thoughts and emptying themselves to increase self awareness. Meditation not necessarily has a religious element associated with it. It is a human activity which at times is used as a therapy for ensuring good health and improving the human immune system. A person who successfully meditates will not think or judge everything which comes across. They will just be in peace and awareness and will believe in living in the present. Meditation is an integral part of Buddhism. But, one who is meditating in Buddhism is not trying to contact the Divine. In Buddhism a human has duality inside them as they have a mind and a body. Uniting these two elements for gaining eternal peace of mind is meditation (Anonymous, 2009). Theories of Meditation Techniques Researched All the different forms of meditation require the individual to sit straight up erect. In such a posture the best results are beloved to be achieved. Different theories of meditation helps people in curing varied kind of problems. The aim of all these theories are however the same. The achievement of peace and internal happiness is the main aim of all meditation styles. Zazen or Zen Meditation The term Zazen means a form of seated zen or meditation in the sitting form. This form of meditation practice originates back from the Chinese form of Zen Buddhism. Indian monk named Bodhidharma from 6th century CE can be the traced to be the source of this form of Buddhism. Generally, in this form of meditation the individual sits over a mat or a cushion on the floor by crossing the legs. Also it was conventionally called as the lotus or the half lotus posture. Today people also practice this on chair. The most significant element of this posture is sitting straight so the back is absolutely straight (Shaw, 2016). Eyes are kept lowered and mouth closed and one looks at the ground two to three feet distance on the floor. Vipassana- This form of meditation comes from Pali and the word Vipassana means clear vision. This is another conventional Buddhist practice coming from the Theravada school of Buddhist traditions. Vipassana meditation involves two stages. The first stage is where an individual meditates and tries to stabilize the mind on one point. This makes considerable improvement on the concentration level of the individual. In the second stage the meditating person clearly sees with closed eyes every sense in every parts of the body. It is as if the mind is focusing from one cell of the body to another without resting on any particular point (Chen, 2014). Mindfulness Meditation This is a mix of the conventional meditation practices of Buddhism and other styles such as Vietnamese Buddhism Zen meditation practices. Mindfulness while breathing in and out during meditation is the primary focus area of this type of meditation practice. This meditation is also a part of the Vipassana style of meditation in Buddhist traditions. The primary focus area is the present time and not being judgmental to thoughts, feelings and senses forms important elements of mindfulness meditation (Neale, 2006). Metta or the Loving Kindness Meditation Metta means love, kindness, humility, goodwill and benevolence in Pali language. The Tibetan and the Theravada school of Buddhist traditions started this form of meditation style. Here the main focus is to increase the gesture of empathizing with others, positive emotional development, development of compassion involving positive and loving approach to ones own self as well (Liveware, 2015). Benefits of Meditation There are endless benefits to mediation practices. For the purpose of simplified understanding the long list is bifurcated into physiological benefits, psychological benefits and spiritual benefits (Horowitz, 2016). There has been a lot of research about the various advantages meditation causes to the human mind and body. Although this is a very ancient form of practice today it is fast becoming a scientific process which proves that with mindfulness while meditating people can create significant impact even on their brains just the way that can on their bodies (Corliss, 2014). Increased levels of concentration Meditation can effectively improve the level of attentiveness, concentration or focus in individuals. Amongst all the techniques used for improving concentration meditation is the most effective one. Meditation has an impact on improving the energy level of the body. While meditating the body and mind gets connected with the energy power source which in turn helps the person do a lot of multitasking with the same focus. Using holy beads while meditating is one great technique which helps neutralizing all blockages which occurs in the energy level of human begins. Concentration levels are not just enhanced with intensive meditation but it is sustained, enhanced, focused and well directed. A natural stress buster Complexities of modern life has made everyone stressed. Such stress is in fact increasing at a fast rate. It can lead to many health problems and affect people physically. Stress can cause mental and physical illness both. Meditation has been witnessed to be having a great deal of psychological effect. It has an effect on the stress, depressions, anxiety, restlessness and pain of the human body. With regular meditation practice one can become emotionally stabilized. Negative thoughts can be kept far as meditation helps the human brain to focus on positives only. To reduce stress there cannot be any better solution than meditation Helps break away from unhealthy habits Fastness of the modern life makes people develop many unhealthy habits on a daily basis. Eating junk food is one such example. People are aware its health impacts but still do not have the conviction to change their unhealthy habits. By practicing meditation one can quit such unhealthy habits very easily. This is because with regular meditation practice it is believed that one will be able to detach oneself from the emotional attachments associated with the practice of any unhealthy habit. This sense of freedom is heavenly and will help one be determined to break away from every kind of unhealthy habit one has nurtured since years. Helps improving decision making and critical thinking- The power of the human brain can be enhanced with meditation. Numerous research studies showcase that people who are engaged in practicing mindful meditation on a daily basis tend to be having better memories. They seem to be reasoning much better than others. The cognitive functioning of the human brain is made more efficient through meditation. Meditation focuses on better breathing techniques which enables more amount of pure oxygen to go inside the human system. As a result the brain performs much better. So, when frustrating situations come cross the brain remains calm and takes the best suitable decisions. Meditation improves interaction with the self- One can attain a much better level of awareness and consciousness if they can connect with their own self better. But today in the hectic fast modern world seldom do we interact with our own selves. Meditation practice helps one to become more aware of their own self. One is aware about the presence of the mind and the body. One is also aware what kind of cravings and urges one has and what one must do to reduce it. Meditation helps understanding the self first. When one is absolutely aware about their own strength and weakness one can make better choices in life (Healthproblog, 2016). Stable emotions Unstable emotions can cause deadly outcomes. People can loose relationships, respect and even jobs if they indulge into emotional outburst every now and then. Such emotional instability is caused by the stress in the physical and psychological aspect of the human body. All these are connected together. With regular meditation practices one can experience an enhancement in their positive mood. The mind becomes strong to face sensitive unwanted situations. Interpretation Mindfulness essentially means to be complete aware of something. In relation to meditation mindful meditation is a total awareness of the human body and mind. It can be interpreted from the above research made of meditation that there are no religious elements associated with meditation. Such meditation practice makes an individual focus more on the present real moment and makes people engage with their current senses to come up with solution of various questions or problems. Mindful meditation erases automatic reactions from the human system. It also is found to be having positive impact on human habits, auto cognitive reactions of the brain, biases etc. There are endless evidences in the literature which shows how meditation has helped individuals heal. This genre of breathing techniques and mind exercise helps bringing a control over the unconscious brain as well. The unconscious human brain makes beliefs about others and surroundings. Based on this a reaction is created inside every individual which makes them act or not act. Based on such actions or inactions an entire life is formed. Such kind of biasness of the human brain can be erased off completely through meditation. Hence the entire perception one has over other things changes. This gives a new perspective to look at things or at people. Hence the reactions made are different. Today varied forms of meditation practices are fast gaining importance. This which was once used as a self help technique today is used all over the world as psychological therapeutic purposes. Such enormous use of meditation would not have possible had there not been any positive outcome received from the entire effort. Hence there is definitely a scientific interpretation of the same on curing so many ailments of the human mind and the body. Methodological Reflection Secondary data sources such as journals, books and published websites has been used to gather data in the above essay. Researches made by other researches on the subject were also referred to. Critical Interpretation As per this research made what is found mainly is that meditation is helpful to individuals on a therapeutic perspective. All the different schools of Buddhism confirm it. The world today is the biggest practitioner of meditation as a means of well begins. But of late there has been critical thought process being developed in many such communities which practices meditation. There is one group of critiques which believes that the link between Buddhism and mindfulness is broken and hence performing such kind of meditation can prove to be dangerous to the mind and the body. There is another critical acclaim made that meditation has become so outrageously popular that a misconception has prevailed in the world that Buddhism is not existing anymore. Out of these two the second one is the main reason for undergoing this present research. Pierce Salguero a Buddhist scholar primarily associated with meditation in a guest blog post in a website Patheos.com discusses this in details. He has a Phd in History of Medicine from the HopkinsSchool of Medicine. He has huge interest in researching and analyzing exchange of ideas in medicine in different cultures. As per Perce Saguaro that in all the readings of historical Buddhist documentations on health of humans and well being little mention has been, made about meditation. Moreover when he studied in Asia or temples in USA which were Buddhist temples even there he found that meditation was not a very prominent features of Buddhism (Whitaker, 2017). It all began in the19th century. Colonial era along with its various reforms, policies and sensibilities gave rise to meditation. Very little in the world is said about Buddhism and meditation as an integral approach. Mindful meditation is nothing but helping an individual shift away his focus from problems to their inner self and make their inside strong enough to combat the outwardly concerns. Conclusion The end question remains to be same that why then people must practice meditation. Many people end of the day prefers meditation or starts their days meditating as they receive beneficial effects by practicing it daily. The critiques have eliminated the reasons why one must meditate. In front of a religious criticism saying that mediation has helped remove stress is an outrageous comment. Buddhism teaches people to be at the present moment and perceive it as a source of light to enlighten their lives. If people can see meditation as that same source of life then the question of such criticism erases away. Buddhism faces similar problems which Islam or Christianity experiences. Whatever is known to the humans about these religions are from human sources. Moreover the writings and scriptures on these studies made in the earliest times had many contradictions in themselves. Many of the teachings, beliefs and practices are transmitted orally from teachers or older generations to students of younger generation. Connecting meditation with Buddhism goes back to these transmitted messages passed on from one generation to another. There is no written documentation that specifies that to perform Buddhism one must be an avid practitioner of meditations. References Anonymous. (2009). Meditation. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/customs/meditation_1.shtml. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Chodron, V. T. (2013). Practicing Buddhism in daily life. Available: https://thubtenchodron.org/2013/09/everyday-dharma/. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Chen, T (2014). The Fundamentals of Meditation Practice. London: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.p182. Corliss, J. (2014). Mindfulness meditation may ease anxiety, mental stress. Available: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/mindfulness-meditation-may-ease-anxiety-mental-stress-201401086967. Last accessed 10th August 2017. Gethin, R (2015). On the Practice of Buddhist Meditation. India: Sage Publication. p22. Horowitz, S. (2016). Health Benefits of Meditation. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES . 16 (4), p30-35. Healthproblog. (2016). Benefits of Meditation. Available: https://www.healthproblog.com/2016/10/14/meditation-benefits-for-health-mental-growth/. Last accessed 10th August 2017. K, V and Thera, S. (2005). Two Main Schools of Buddhism . Available: https://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/59.htm. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Liveware. (2015). Types of Meditation. Available: https://www.southernct.edu/counseling-services/Week%201%20Types-of-Meditation-LiveAndDare.com_.pdf. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Neale, M. I (2006). MINDFULNESS MEDITATION. California: Pearson Education. p30. Shaw, S (2016). BUDDHIST MEDITATION. UK: Routledge. p200-256. Whitaker, J. (2017). A Roundup of Critical Perspectives on Meditation. Available: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/americanbuddhist/2017/05/a-roundup-of-critical-perspectives-on-meditation.html. Last accessed 9th August 2017.

Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Example

Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning Essay Assignment 001-Level 3 Roles, responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning Task A Part a) I am an outdoor adventure instructor and legislation, regulatory requirements and codes of practice form a key part of what I do. Without these items in place understanding your roles and responsibilities as a teacher could become confusing with many mistakes being made. In relation to legislation for what I do the main Acts I adhere to are: * The Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) * The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations (1999) * Protection of Children Act (1999) Data Protection (2007) In relation to regulatory requirements I adhere to the National Governing Bodies (NGB’s) of my chosen teaching activities. For example, the British Mountaineering Council (BMC) assessed me in my teaching and experience to gain one of my qualifications. By doing my qualification through them I need to deliver my activities according to their guidelines. Any breach of these guid elines can affect my future teaching and render my insurance void. Another key measure that I must have in place and constantly review and update when necessary are risk assessments. Risk assessments fall between regulatory requirements and codes of practice as it is a requirement in my line of teaching to have them but they also form key aspects of my codes of practice. In my business I have a set of Standard Operating Proceedures (SOP’s) that go hand in hand with my comprehensive risk assessments. The SOP’s are there for me as well as for anyone who works with me to refer to. This equips all employees with the required information needed for the safe delivery of all activities. Everyone must read them thoroughly and sign that they first understand them and secondly agree to comply with all the guidelines. We will write a custom essay sample on Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in Lifelong Learning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Other requirements that fall into the arena I occupy are comprehensive police checks of my-self and any employees. This is now not only conducted locally but nationally and internationally known as a CRB check. Child protection training is also a requirement and must be updated. I also respect and adhere to the Institute for Learning’s (IFL) key aspects of codes of practice. Even though I am not a member they do cover the main aspects that all professionals in teaching should follow. Without describing them in detail the key aspects are: * Integrity * Respect * Care * Practice * Disclosure * Responsibility

Dolphin Facts

Dolphin Facts Dolphins (Odontoceti) are a group of 44 species of toothed whales or cetaceans. There are dolphins in every ocean on Earth, and there are freshwater species of dolphins that inhabit rivers in South Asian and South American. The largest dolphin species (the orca) grows to more than 30 feet long while the smallest, Hectors dolphin, is just 4.5 feet in length. Dolphins are well known for their intellect, their gregarious nature, and their acrobatic abilities. But there are many lesser-known qualities that make a dolphin a dolphin. Fast Facts: Dolphins Scientific Name: Odontoceti  Common Name: Dolphin (Note: This name refers to the group of 44 species classified as Odontoceti; each has its own scientific and common name.)Basic Animal Group:  MammalSize: 5 feet long to over 30 feet long, depending on the speciesWeight: Up to 6 tonsLifespan: Up to 60 years depending on the speciesDiet:  CarnivoreHabitat:  All oceans and some riversPopulation:  Varies per speciesConservation  Status:  Bottlenose dolphins are considered to be of Least Concern, while about 10 species of dolphins are listed as Severely Threatened.   Description Dolphins are small-toothed Cetaceans, a group of marine mammals that evolved from land mammals. They have developed numerous adaptations that make them well suited for life in water including a streamlined body, flippers, blowholes and a layer of blubber for insulation. Dolphins have curved beaks which means they appear to have permanent smiles. Dolphins evolved from land mammals whose legs were underneath their bodies. As a result, dolphins tails move up and down as they swim, whereas a fish’s tail moves from side to side. Dolphins, like all toothed whales, lack olfactory lobes and nerves. Because dolphins do not possess these anatomical features, they most likely have a poorly developed sense of smell. The snout of some oceanic dolphins is long and slender due to their elongated, prominent jaw bones. Within the dolphins elongated jaw bone sits numerous conical teeth (some species have as many as 130 teeth in each jaw). Species that have prominent beaks include, for example, Common Dolphin, Bottlenose Dolphin, Atlantic Humpbacked Dolphin, Tucuxi, Long-Snouted Spinner Dolphin, and numerous others. The forelimbs of a dolphin are anatomically equivalent to the forelimbs of other mammals (for example, they are analogous to arms in humans). But the bones within the forelimbs of dolphins have been shortened and made more rigid by supporting connective tissue. Pectoral flippers enable dolphins to steer and modulate their speed. The dorsal fin of a dolphin (located on the back of the dolphin) acts as a keel when the animal swims, giving the animal directional control and stability within the water. But not all dolphins have a dorsal fin. For example, the Northern Rightwhale Dolphins and the Southern Rightwhale Dolphins lack dorsal fins. Dolphins do not have prominent external ear openings. Their ear openings are small slits (located behind their eyes) which do not connect to the middle ear. Instead, scientists suggest that sound is conducted to the inner and middle ear by fat-lobes located within the lower jaw and by various bones within the skull. Tunatura/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Dolphins live in all of the world’s seas and oceans; many inhabit coastal areas or areas with shallower water. While most dolphins prefer warmer tropical or temperate waters one species, the orca (sometimes called killer whale) lives in both the Arctic Ocean and the Antarctic Southern Ocean. Five dolphin species prefer fresh to salt water; these species inhabit rivers in South America and South Asia. Diet and Behavior Dolphins are carnivorous predators. They use their strong teeth to hold their prey, but then either swallow their prey whole tear it into small pieces. They are relatively light eaters; the bottlenose dolphin, for example, eats about 5 percent of its weight each day. Many species of dolphins migrate to find food. They consume a wide range of animals including fish, squid, crustaceans, shrimp, and octopus. The very large Orca dolphin may also eat marine mammals such as seals or marine birds such as penguins. Many dolphin species work as a group to herd or coral fish. They may also follow fishing vessels to enjoy the waste thrown overboard. Some species will also use their flukes to beat and stun their prey. Reproduction and Offspring Most dolphins become sexually mature at between 5 and 8 years old. Dolphins give birth to a single calf once every one to six years and then feed their babies milk through their nipples. Dolphin pregnancies range in length from 11 to 17 months. Location can make an impact on the gestation period. When a pregnant female is ready to deliver, she separates herself from the rest of the pod to a location near the waters surface. Dolphin calves are usually born tail first; at birth, calves are about 35–40 inches long and weigh between 23 and 65 pounds. The mother immediately brings her infant to the surface so it can breathe. Newborn calves look a bit different from their parents; they typically have dark skin with lighter bands which fade over time. Their fins are quite soft but harden very quickly. They can swim almost immediately, but do require the protection of the pod; in fact, young dolphins are typically nursed for the first two to three years of life and may stay with their mothers for up to eight years. Georgette Douwma/Getty Images   Species Dolphins are members of the order Cetacea, Suborder Odontoceti, Families Delphinidae, Iniidae, and Lipotidae. Within those families, there are 21 genera, 44 species, and several subspecies. The species of dolphins include: Genus: Delphinus Delphinus capensis (Long-beaked common dolphin)Delphinus delphis (Short-beaked common dolphin)Delphinus tropicalis. (Arabian common dolphin) Genus: Tursiops Tursiops truncatus (Common bottlenose dolphin)Tursiops aduncus (Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin)Tursiops australis (Burrunan dolphin) Genus: Lissodelphis Lisodelphis borealis (Northern right whale dolphin)Lssodelphis peronii (Southern right whale dolphin) Genus: Sotalia Sotalia fluviatilis (Tucuxi)Sotalia guianensis (Guiana dolphin) Genus: Sousa Sousa chinensis (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin)Subspecies:Sousa chinensis chinensis (Chinese white dolphin)Sousa chinensis plumbea (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin)Sousa teuszii (Atlantic Humpback Dolphin)Sousa plumbea (Indian Humpback dolphin) Genus: Stenella Stenella frontalis (Atlantic spotted dolphin)Stenella clymene (Clymene dolphin)Stenella attenuata (Pantropical spotted dolphin)Stenella longirostris (Spinner dolphin)Stenella coeruleoalba (Striped dolphin) Genus: Steno Steno bredanensis (Rough-toothed dolphin) Genus: Cephalorhynchus Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Chilean dolphin)Cephalorhynchus commersonii (Commerson’s dolphin)Cephalorhynchus heavisidii (Heaviside’s Dolphin)Cephalorhynchus hectori (Hector’s dolphin) Genus: Grampus Grampus griseus (Risso’s dolphin) Genus: Lagenodelphis Lagenodelphis hosei (Fraser’s dolphin) Genus: Lagenorhynchus Lagenorhynchus acutus (Atlantic white-sided dolphin)Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Dusky dolphin)Lagenorhynchus cruciger (Hourglass dolphin)Lagenorhynchus obliquidens (Pacific white-sided dolphin)Lagenorhynchus australis (Peale’s dolphin)Lagenorhynchus albirostris (White-beaked dolphin) Genus: Peponocephala Peponocephala electra (Melon-headed whale) Genus: Orcaella Orcaella heinsohni (Australian snubfin dolphin)Orcaella brevirostris (Irrawaddy dolphin) Genus: Orcinus Orcinus orca (Orca- Killer Whale) Genus: Feresa Feresa attenuata (Pygmy killer whale) Genus: Pseudorca Pseudorca crassidens (False Killer whale) Genus: Globicephala Globicephala melas (Long-finned pilot whale)Globicephala macrorhynchus (Short-finned pilot whale) Superfamily: Platanistoidea Genus Inia, Family: Iniidae Inia geoffrensis. (Amazon river dolphin).Inia araguaiaensis (Araguaian river dolphin). Genus Lipotes, Family: Lipotidae Lipotes vexillifer (Baiji) Genus Pontoporia, Family: Pontoporiidae Pontoporia blainvillei (La Plata dolphin) Genus Platanista, family: Platanistidae Platanista gangetica (South Asian river dolphin)Subspecies:Platanista gangetica gangetica (Ganges river dolphin)Platanista gangetica minor (Indus river dolphin) Conservation Status The Baiji has suffered dramatic population declines over recent decades due to pollution and heavy industrial use of the Yangtze River. In 2006, a scientific expedition set out to locate any remaining Baiji but failed to find a single individual in the Yangtze. The species was declared functionally extinct. Dolphins and Humans Humans have long been fascinated with dolphins, but the relationship between humans and dolphins has been complex. Dolphins are the subject of stories, myths, and legends as well as great works of art. Because of their great intelligence, dolphins have been used for military exercises and therapeutic support. They are also often kept in captivity and trained to perform; in most cases, this practice is now considered to be cruel. Sources Dolphin Facts and Information, www.dolphins-world.com/.â€Å"Dolphins.†Ã‚  Dolphin Facts, 4 Apr. 2019, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/group/dolphins/.NOAA. Dolphins Porpoises.†Ã‚  NOAA Fisheries, www.fisheries.noaa.gov/dolphins-porpoises.

Breach of EU Directive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Breach of EU Directive - Essay Example Breach of EU Directive In the year 2005, Grant enrolled at the Sunderland University, and resorted to consuming carrot juice, in order to cope up with the heavy academic demands of university work. She was compelled to remain awake throughout the night on a regular basis, and this made her a regular consumer of a particular brand of carrot juice, namely, Hyperbunny. Grant purchased this from the Zen hypermarket; and the latter procured this product from an organic cooperative Juump AG, located in Germany. On the 1st of November, 2010, Grant was diagnosed with nibline poisoning. She had completed her Master’s Degree, just before this diagnosis. She was also informed that nibline poisoning was incurable and that it would render her permanently incapable of working. A perusal of the medical evidence, disclosed that her ailment was the result of consuming Hyperbunny carrot juice, which was seen to contain 10mg of nibline per litre. A much harried and desperate Grant made considerable study into the circumstances responsible for her debilitating condition, and discovered that the UK government had failed to implement directive 2004/222. This permitted the sale of carrot juice with even 10mg of nibline per litre. In order to advise Grant, regarding her rights against the UK Government, manufacturers of Carrot juice, Zen Hyper Market and others, the relevant EC law in respect of the proper implementation of Directives, by the Member States has to be examined.

Leadership in Teaching Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership in Teaching - Research Paper Example Teaching as a profession requires specific traits in order for a teacher to be effective in achieving for students academic success. There are numerous theories that explore this theme. For instance, Sharick (2007) argued that teachers should have social traits in order to be able to communicate effectively with the students.A â€Å"social† teacher in this theory is one that could display dominant characteristics like that of being enterprising, investigative and a capacity for empathy, among others. The idea is that the relationship between a teacher and the students complement the transfer of knowledge. The concept of leadership, though not a prominent element in this model as suggested by the researcher, can also be considered a social trait. It plays an important role in the way students learn from instruction and classroom interaction because it underpins the efficacy of the social interaction. It takes advantage of the relationship in order to have an authoritative proce ss by which knowledge is imparted and received. Simply put, leadership provides the framework by which a teacher could control the teaching process successfully. Leadership and Best Practice in Teaching Leadership is increasingly becoming a byword in the literature on current best practices in teaching and educational improvement. York-Barr and Duke explained that this is because it is aligned with the notion of individual empowerment and localization of management (p. 255). In this respect, teachers are sought to be empowered and have greater degree of control, with an expanded role in the classroom instruction. This has been the trend in the United States since the 1980s, when leadership came to be considered as an integral component of teacher professionalism (York-Barr and Duke, p. 256). The educational reform aimed to replace the traditional framework of the technical model, which emphasized the transfer of knowledge through systematic inquiry. The new goal is to focus and rely on the teachers’ capability, knowledge and judgment. Leadership figures prominently in this aspect because it allows the teachers to exercise and implement academic decisions, in addition to helping lead pursue educational initiatives. The study conducted by Camburn, Rowan and Taylor in 2003, which evaluated the efficacy of the educational reform found that academic progress was, in fact, achieved in the process. Particularly, the study revealed that those educational reforms that integrated leadership components such as the distributive leadership schemes led to positive outcomes both in the capabilities of the teacher and the students’ academic performance (p. 367). There are numerous studies that reflect these findings. A case in point is that by Ross and Gray (2006), which found that schools with higher levels of transformational leadership had higher collective teacher efficacy, greater teacher commitment to school mission, school community, school-community part nerships, and higher student achievement (p. 798). Also, Copland (2003), in his study of the Bay Area School Reform Collaborative program, found that leadership works well with inquiry-based approach, with distributive leadership playing an important role in implementing inquiry-based practice and collective decision-making at school (p. 375). The empirical evidences that support how leadership contributes to positive student learning outcome are not that surprising. Aside from the quantified direct and positive leadership impact represented by effective cognitive learning outcomes, there is also the deeper socio-psychological discourse that covers education and learning. Here, leadership is critical because it plays an important part in the transformation of behaviors. Encouraging Leaders, Imparting Values According to LeComte (1978), going to school is a socialization process wherein teachers transmit skills, aspirations, norms and behavioral patterns which assist in the assumptio n of roles (p. 22). This is demonstrated in observing the classroom

Development of Autism Research

Development of Autism Research Fighting the Monster By writing a book called Infantile Autism, a Navy psychologist named Bernard Rimland established autism as an inborn condition rather than bad parenting. The books popularity inspired him to launch the National Society for Autistic Children (NSAC). By forming an alliance and reaching out to parents, he gave the parents in his network a sense of hope and progress at a time when there was virtually no research in the field, setting the stage for the surge of interest in autism research. Bernard Rimland was born in Cleveland in 1928, the son of Russian Jewish parents who emigrated after World War I. When he was twelve, his family relocated to San Diego, California. He got a bachelors degree in experimental psychology from San Diego State University in 1950 and earned his masters degree a year later. He met Gloria Alf, a Jewish girl from the neighborhood, and got married before heading east to Penn State to earn his doctorate. After completing his degree at Penn State, Rimland was hired as the director of research at the new naval base in San Diego. Their son, Mark, was born in the spring of 1956. But something was drastically wrong with Mark and it was only much later that his condition was determined to be early infantile autism. Besides reading everything he could on the subject, Rimland wrote a letter to Kanner in 1959 describing his sons behavior and announcing his intention to write a paper on the subject. After five years of research, Rimland published his book Infantile Autism: The Syndrome and Its Implications for a Neural Theory of Behavior in 1964, featuring an introduction by Kanner. The crux of the book was that autism is primarily a product of genetic inheritance rather than family dynamics. At one point, he even referred to Asperger syndrome without explaining it. He suggested that in some cases the syndrome was caused by unknown environmental factors acting upon a genetic predisposition. He speculated that parents who tend to be gifted in certain fields pass this vulnerability down to their children along with the genetic factors for high intelligence. This hypothesis would fall into disrepute in the 1970s as studies by Michael Rutter and others proved that autism does not discriminate by IQ or educational level and is equally prevalent across all socioeconomic strata. Rimland wanted the diagnosis to be strictly defined so that autism would turn out to be a metabolic dysfunction akin to phenylketonuria (PKU) that could be averted with a dietary intervention. PKU is a rare genetic disorder due to a gene mutation that impairs the metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine. Untreated PKU can lead to behavioral problems, seizures, intellectual disability, and mental disorder. To facilitate autism research, Rimland included in the book a questionnaire called the Diagnostic Check List for Behavior-Disturbed Children (Form E-1), designed as a template for clinicians to copy and give to parents. After the book came out, Rimland unexpectedly received piles of completed E-1 forms. He followed up with the parents by telephone after scoring the checklist with a proprietary algorithm. He was so gregarious and empathetic to the parents that he became Uncle Bernie to a generation of families. In the second edition of his book, he included a revised version of the checklist called the E-2 designed for the parents to send to Rimland directly. His questionnaires had planted the seeds of a revolution. *** In the 1960s, most psychologists in America were still convinced that autistic kids were constitutionally incapable of learning. But a professor in the Psychology department of the UCLA named Ole Ivar Lovaas thought otherwise. Ole Ivar Lovaas was born in Norway in 1927. He and his family were forced to work as migrant laborers when the Nazis occupied Norway in June 1940. After the war ended, Lovaas was allowed to immigrate to the United States on the strength of his violin playing. He got a music scholarship at Luther College in Iowa and earned his bachelors degree in a year. Then he talked his way into the graduate program in psychology at the University of Washington in Seattle. He didnt want to become a psychoanalyst because he had lost patience with the speculations of theory-based psychiatry, so he focused on lab research. After earning his doctorate at the University of Washington, Lovaas stayed in Seattle, teaching and conducting research at the Child Development Institute near the university. At the institute, he experienced that improving the language skills of children with developmental delays might help them control their problematic behavior. He was also influenced by a psychologist at Indiana University named Charles Ferster who proposed that parents had inadvertently conditioned their children to be more and more autistic by rewarding their misbehavior with doting attention. In 1961, he accepted a position as an assistant professor in the psychology department at UCLA. In his first year on the job, the Clinic referred only one child to his lab: a nine-year-old girl named Beth who spoke mostly in echolalia and bore scars all over from banging herself against walls and furniture. Luvaas outfitted a suite of rooms with one-way mirrors, hidden microphones, and a push-button device that enabled his assistants to record the frequency and duration of her behaviors. He called this style of intensive intervention applied behavioral analysis, or ABA. Rimland was skeptical of the Lovaas method when he first heard about it. But he set his doubts aside and began to use the technique in training his eight-year-old autistic son. Lovaas had been thinking about inviting parents into the process because the lessons learned in ABA often didnt generalize beyond the artificial situation in the lab. The best hope for stimulating lasting behavior change was to train the children in their natural environment at home. Rimland arranged a dinner with Lovaas and a few of the couples from his network of autistic parents. Before the meal was over, they were begging Lovaas to train them in his method. By forming an alliance and reaching out directly to parents, Rimland and Lovaas had just built a shadow infrastructure for autism research in which parents, rather than medical professionals, were the ultimate authorities on their childrens well-being. *** In the fall of 1965, Rimland received a letter from Ruth Christ Sullivan, a young nurse and mother of an autistic son. Sullivan proposed forming a national group to advocate for the needs of autistic children. On November 14, 1965, Sullivan, Rimland and 60 other parents formed the National Society of Autistic Children. In the coming years, parents would launch hundreds of local NSAC chapters all over the country. By the mid-1970s, the NSAC launched a number of legislations aimed at protecting the rights of individuals with autism and mandating services for them, especially education. Autism was also included in the Developmental Disabilities Act of 1976. In 1974, by conducting thorough examinations of 78 children brought to the Childrens Brain Research Clinic in Washington by NSAC members, the clinics researchers theorized that autism is not a single clinical entity but is composed of multiple distinct subtypes. Rimland also did a groundbreaking study on savant skills based on data from his questionnaires, rediscovering the same clusters of enhanced ability in music, memory, art, science, mathematics, and technology that Asperger called autistic intelligence. Over time, the two paths represented by NSACs founders Sullivans focus on services and Rimlands search for a cure would diverge, resulting in Rimland being voted off the board of his own organization. *** Meanwhile, Lovaas was experimenting with alternating rounds of acquisition (reinforce proper behavior) and extinction (extinguish self-injurious behavior) trials on Berh. He found that she was responsive on acquisition trials, but not on extinction trials. So Lovaas sought a more expeditious solution, which was the use of punishment. Concerned that some of his techniques might seem unorthodox, Lovaas invited members of the press down to the lab to watch him in action. When the articles came out, members of the NSAC were concerned about how brutally kids were being treated at UCLA. Despite Rimlands tireless cheerleading for aversives, many NSAC parents refused to use them. Meanwhile, state hospitals across the country embraced the harsh techniques promoted by Lovaas at UCLA as a way of keeping problem patients in line. In 1988, the NSAC (now changed the name to the Autism Society of America) has passed a resolution calling for a ban on aversive techniques. But painful electric shocks are still employed to punish autistic children at an institution called the Judge Rotenberg Educational Center in Massachusetts, even in the face of a public outcry against their use. In the 1970s, Lovaas lent his expertise to a series of experiments called the Feminine Boy Project. The projects most celebrated success story was Kirk Andrew Murphy. Kirks was enrolled into the program at UCLA when he was five because his parents were concerned that he was exhibiting behavior that was too feminine. Lovaas worked with a graduate student named George Rekers who was Kirks behavioral therapist. Rekers and Lovaas devised a program of total immersion based on Lovaass work on autism. After sixty sessions in the lab, Rekers and Lovaas declared victory over Kirks sissy-boy behavior. Rekers went on to build a career based on the premise that homosexuality can be prevented. He became a founding member of the Family Research Council, a faith-based organization that lobbies against gay-rights issues. In the meantime, Kirk committed suicide in 2003 at age thirty-eight, following decades of depression. His parents claimed that Kirks earlier therapy had contributed to his suicide. In 2010, Rekers days as an anti-gay champion came to an end when two journalists ambushed him at the Miami airport returning from a holiday in Madrid with a hired male escort. In 1987, Lovaas claimed that nearly half of the children in an experimental group at UCLA had achieved normal intellectual functioning by undertaking intensive ABA starting at age three. Lovaass study was the breakthrough that many parents had been waiting for: empirical proof that their children could become normal given enough devotion, effort, and expense. *** In 1964, Rimland received an invitation from the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Standford University for a years fellowship in Palo Alto. There he fell under the spell of Linus Pauling, who had won two Nobel Prizes, a Nobel prize in Chemistry, and a Nobel Peace Prize. Pauling was the most prominent advocate of the notion that megadoses of Vitamin C could avert the common cold, slow the aging process, and improve mood. Paulings concept of orthomolecular psychiatry meshed perfectly with Rimlands thoughts on PKU and autism. Meanwhile, Rimland had started getting letters from parents claiming that their sons and daughters had become more calm and engaged after taking megadoses of certain nutrients, particularly vitamins B and C. After talking with doctors convinced of the therapeutic value of the megavitamin regimen, Rimland established the Institute for Child Behavior Research, later renamed the Autism Research Institute in San Diego to launch a study. But he di d not use the so-called double-blind placebo-controlled trial model in his study. Instead, he developed a home-brewed form of data analysis that he called computer clustering, an algorithmic search for clinically significant ripples in a sea of big data. With 45 percent of parents reporting that the vitamins definitely helped their children, Rimland was thrilled with the results of his experiment. But three independent analyses of his dataset revealed more problems with his design. The design of the experiment with parents as evaluators of changes in their childrens behavior was anything but blind in the statistical sense. A Navy statistician with access to the raw data concluded that no reliable information about the reaction in the vitamins by various subtypes in the sample population could be obtained by using Rimlands computer clustering scheme. Rimland was bugged by the disappointing response of his peers to his megavitamin experiment. Noting the serious side effects caused by prescription drugs, Rimland concluded that the future of his work was not to be found in conventional medicine. He would eventually encourage his parent-experimenters to try several treatments at once, making it nearly impossible to tease out the benefits and side effects of any single one. This try-everything-at-once approach gave the parents in his network a tremendous sense of hope and momentum at a time when the mainstream science of autism was at a standstill. From his office in Kensington, a suburb of San Diego, Rimland forged a productive alliance with the nineteen-year-old Steve Edelson, a psychology/sociology major in Lovaass lab. Together they wrote a book called Recovering Autistic Children that became one of the bibles of the biomedical movement. In the 1990s, they launched Defeat Autism Now! (DAN!), the network of clinicians and alt-med practitioners that Shannon Rosa turned to for advice on the GFGC diet and other treatments after Leo was diagnosed in 2002.

Antigone Foils Creon

In the play Antigone we learn about a stubborn character named Creon who is the ruler of Thebes. This ruler goes on many power trips through out the play, which end up leading to his demise. Antigone, sister of the former king Polyneices sees Creon as a man with to much power who is making poor decisions and acting against the Gods. In a face-to-face confrontation, Antigone does not back down from the powerful leader, and tells him that what he is doing is wrong. Creon, who still has too much pride, banishes her into a cave where she would be left to die. Only later does Creon realize that what she was saying was correct. He tries to fix all the mistakes he has made but is too late. Antigone is the foil to Creon because she brings out fear and many character trait flaws in the Kings personality. Creon has a major lapse in judgment when he decides to bury Antigone in a cave to die. She tells him that she does not care because she was honoring her brother. â€Å"Why the delay? There is nothing that you can say that I should wish to hear, as nothing I say can weigh with you†¦.† (Sophocles 500-7) At first, it does not seem that Creon feels bad about doing this. Later he understands that he was wrong and regrets his decisions. Antigone has a big affect on this change of heart from Creon because she truly believed  she was in the right. By believing this she forces Creon to finally notice that he was wrong, and reverses his decisions. Antigone’s suicide effects Creon as a character immensely. It is her suicide that causes Heamon to stab himself. â€Å"Who is dead, and by what hand? Heamon is dead, slain by his own father. His father? His own hand. His father‘s act it was that drove him to it.† (1171-77 Sophocles) This later also leads to Eurydice’s suicide at the end of the play. Through Antigone’s actions, Creon is extremely effected. As a character, these events change the way Creon thinks about what he has done. â€Å"There is no man can bear this guilt but I. It is true, I killed him. Lead me away, away. I live no longer† (1323-29 Sophocles) Antigone convinces Creon that he is not a God, and that going against the Gods is a bad idea. â€Å"Yes. That order did not come from God. Justice, that dwells with the Gods below, knows no such law†¦.†(Sophocles 450-69) Antigone fights with all she has, and finally brings Creon to the realization that what he has done was wrong. When Creon realizes that Polyneices body is unburied, and that he has not given a proper burial to the 5 chieftains, he recognizes that this will upset anger the Gods considerably. She helps him realize his fault by having a reckless attitude, this shows Creon that she will not go down without a fight. She makes one last plea to the Gods by attempting to put a curse on him. I believe this scares Creon later and is one of the main reasons why he tries to reverse the decisions he’s made in the end. Creon gives the harsh penalty of not burying the dead Polyneices which is the ultimate punishment. Antigone’s plea to show Creon that what he has done is wrong is ery evident at this point. â€Å"So to my grave, My bridal-bower, my everlasting prison, I go those many of my kinsmen who dwell in the mansion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Sophocles 892-919) Antigone believes that the God, along with her brother would be proud of what she has done. At first, Creon is to stubborn to listen to what she is saying. He later realizes that many of the things she said were right. Antigone’s influence on Creon’s mind ultimately cause a change of heart. Without her this would not have happened. Without Antigone, Creon’s fears and character flaws would not have been exposed. Creon’s stubborn attitude and unwillingness to listen to others is his ultimate downfall. If he would have took Antigone’s advice earlier, there is a chance he would not have lost everything that was important to him.

An Analysis of Julia Alvarez’s Poem, “Touching Bottom” Essay

In the poem’s first stanza, Alvarez says, â€Å"Sometimes the best advice comes randomly†Ã¢â‚¬â€but without intent, how can it be advice? Perhaps good advice consists simply of one’s own ideas, rendered into words by another and recognized by the self as something true. If we go by this definition, then the random pieces of advice are, indeed, good advice. She is thus saying that some of the best â€Å"advice† is recognized by the self and in the self, and not merely received from others. Such advice is possibly worth more than any intentional directive, because the meaning of the advice is something that one makes for oneself. Alvarez implies that good advice is abundant, but requires some recognizing—which is what she does. To be able to give good advice, a person must think like the recipient of the advice, and who better to think like the recipient than the recipient herself? Alvarez creates remarkable associations in her mind between randomly heard directives and the troubles of her life; she is actually both the giver and the receiver of the random â€Å"advice†, and whoever (or whatever) â€Å"gave† her the advice only has an intermediary role. These random pieces of advice are nothing like what we usually conceive advice to be, but are simply reminders of things that she already knew. Thus these random pieces of advice that she recognizes are essentially advice that she gives to herself. In the second stanza, Alvarez talks of the power of these random bits of wisdom. She realizes that â€Å"a minotaur of your own making†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, self-imposed limitations—puts the mind into a certain degree of paralysis, and that randomly received advice, in their simplicity, have the power to awaken an awareness of truisms deeply buried in the subconscious. Alvarez in essence, is talking about the â€Å"shock of recognition† that she experiences when she hears these random bits of meaning. It takes these to remind her of her own good ideas that she may have unintentionally discarded into the â€Å"dark labyrinth† of her mind. Additionally, Alvarez implicitly contrasts her random bits of â€Å"advice† with true advice intentionally given by others—too often, such advice is derived from the experiences of the giver and not the receiver. The poem, because of its focus on â€Å"accidental† advice, reminds us of the tendency of people to ignore intentionally given advice, no matter how good, because advice is usually given based on the perceived needs of the recipient; although these needs are often misidentified. This contrasts with her accidental bits of advice, which by their very nature are good and well received. The random advice that Alvarez hears makes her capable of   â€Å"touching bottom.† Although â€Å"touching bottom† in general usage has the negative meaning of reaching the lowest point of something (such as when a company goes bankrupt), what she means by having â€Å"touched bottom in my life† is that she realized and recognized the basic and most important aspects of her life. The examples that she gives of these bits of advice, such as â€Å"Please hold through the silence† (which she is able to connect to her problem of writer’s block) are of secondary importance, serving only to illustrate and strengthen the poem’s main point, which is that one needs only to look into the self to find wisdom.

Benjamin FranklinS Contributions To The American History

Benjamin Franklin s contributions to the American history Benjamin Franklin has a significant impact to the American Revolution and the building of a new nation. His brilliant inventions throughout his life made a significant impact on the United States and will be remembered for them in U.S history. Franklin had inventions like the Franklins stove, and the lightning rod, he also discovered electricity. His inventions and discoveries have changed lives from the first day it was introduced. Without Benjamin Franklin’s contributions, times would be different today. (Thesis) Franklin’s contribution from the past has made an impact on U.S history that would always be remembered. Speaking of Benjamin Franklin, he was born January 17,†¦show more content†¦He developed in his mind several of accessories to fix the dilemma. To start with, the air box it was used to attract clean air until the stove to flourish the fire. Secondly, the air siphon that transported smoke and ash down and upward through the chimney. Benjamin Franklin was the first person to use heat radiation for the Franklin in stove of 1739. In regards to Benjamin Franklin inventions, another one of his inventions were split lens bifocals. He was diagnosed with a condition â€Å"Presbyopia† which is a condition when the eye loses the ability to focus on objects. Vision impaired people are usually near or farsighted but Benjamin was both. He had two pair of glasses One pair was to help them see up close and the other pair helps him see far away. He came up with a solution to Develop split lenses to help himself and those who are vision impaired to see far and close in one pair of bifocals which was created in the early – mid 1700s. On the other hand not only did he invent a significant amount of commodities, but he contributed his talented, knowledge, and efforts in our American History. 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