Overview of the Branches of Chemistry

Review of the Branches of Chemistry There are a few parts of science. Here is a rundown of the primary parts of science, with a review of what each part of science considers. Sorts of Chemistry Agrochemistry - This part of science may likewise be called agrarian science. It manages the utilization of science for horticultural creation, food preparing, and ecological remediation because of agribusiness. Scientific Chemistry - Analytical science is the part of science engaged with examining the properties of materials or creating apparatuses to break down materials. Astrochemistry - Astrochemistry is the investigation of the organization and responses of the concoction components and atoms found in the stars and in space and of the collaborations between this issue and radiation. Natural chemistry - Biochemistry is the part of science worried about the synthetic responses that happen inside living life forms. Compound Engineering - Chemical designing includes the functional use of science to take care of issues. Science History - Chemistry history is the part of science and history that follows the advancement after some time of science as a science. Somewhat, speculative chemistry is incorporated as a subject of science history. Group Chemistry - This part of science includes the investigation of bunches of bound particles, halfway in size between single atoms and mass solids. Combinatorial Chemistry - Combinatorial science includes PC recreation of particles and responses between atoms. Electrochemistry - Electrochemistry is the part of science that includes the investigation of concoction responses in an answer at the interface between an ionic transmitter and an electrical channel. Electrochemistry might be viewed as the investigation of electron move, especially inside an electrolytic arrangement. Ecological Chemistry - Environmental science is the science related with soil, air, and water and of human effect on common frameworks. Food Chemistry - Food science is the part of science related with the synthetic procedures of all parts of food. Numerous parts of food science depend on natural chemistry, yet it fuses different teaches too. General Chemistry - General science inspects the structure of issue and the response among issue and vitality. It is the reason for different parts of science. Geochemistry - Geochemistry is the investigation of synthetic arrangement and compound procedures related with the Earth and different planets. Green Chemistry - Green science is worried about procedures and items that kill or diminish the utilization or arrival of perilous substances. Remediation might be viewed as a major aspect of green science. Inorganic Chemistry - Inorganic science is the part of science that manages the structure and connections between inorganic mixes, which are any intensifies that arent situated in carbon-hydrogen bonds. Energy - Kinetics looks at the rate at which substance responses happen and the components that influence the pace of synthetic procedures. Therapeutic Chemistry - Medicinal science is science as it applies to pharmacology and medication. Nanochemistry - Nanochemistry is worried about the get together and properties of nanoscale gatherings of iotas or particles. Atomic Chemistry - Nuclear science is the part of science related with atomic responses and isotopes. Natural Chemistry - This part of science manages the science of carbon and living things. Photochemistry - Photochemistry is the part of science worried about associations among light and matter. Physical Chemistry - Physical science is the part of science that applies material science to the investigation of science. Quantum mechanics and thermodynamics are instances of physical science disciplines. Polymer Chemistry - Polymer science or macromolecular science is the part of science the looks at the structure and properties of macromolecules and polymers and finds better approaches to integrate these atoms. Strong State Chemistry - Solid state science is the part of science that is centered around the structure, properties, and compound procedures that happen in the strong stage. Quite a bit of strong state science manages the union and portrayal of new strong state materials. Spectroscopy - Spectroscopy inspects the associations among issue and electromagnetic radiation as an element of frequency. Spectroscopy generally is utilized to distinguish and recognize synthetic concoctions dependent on their spectroscopic marks. Thermochemistry - Thermochemistry might be viewed as a sort of Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry includes the investigation of warm impacts of synthetic responses and the warm vitality trade between forms. Hypothetical Chemistry - Theoretical science applies science and material science counts to clarify or make forecasts about concoction wonders. There is cover between the various parts of science. For instance, a polymer scientist regularly knows a great deal of natural science. A researcher gaining practical experience in thermochemistry knows a great deal of physical science.

BDM midterm Essay Example for Free

BDM midterm Essay Ralph Edmund cherishes steak and potatoes. Accordingly, he has chosen to go on a consistent eating regimen of just these two nourishments for every one of his suppers. Ralph understands this isn't the most advantageous eating regimen, so he needs to ensure that he eats the correct amounts of the two nourishments to fulfill some key healthful prerequisites. He has acquired the accompanying wholesome and costs information. The Oak Works is a family possessed business that makes hand made lounge area tables and seats. They acquire the oak from a nearby tree ranch, which ships them 2500 pounds of oak every month. Each table uses 50 pounds of oak while each seat utilizes 25 pounds of oak. The family fabricates all the furniture itself and has 480 hours of work accessible every month. Each table or seat requires 6 hours of work. Each table nets Oak Works $400 in benefit, while each seat nets them $100 in benefit. Since seats are frequently sold with tables they need to create at any rate twice the same number of seats as tables. Equation a direct program to amplify benefit.

CTL Brainstorming Day 2013

CTL Brainstorming Day 2013 On November 1, 2013, more than 150 career professionals from 6 countries met for the annual Career Thought Leaders’ Global Career Brainstorming Day to discuss best practices, innovations, trends, and other factors currently impacting global job search and career management. I am pleased to write about their findings, just as I have for the last 3 years! Resumes are not dead! Even if you get your foot in the door with LinkedIn or an Executive Bio, your resume will still be a key part of your job search process. You absolutely must show a recruiter, in no uncertain terms, how you will solve their client companies’ problems. And you’ll need to make your great impression in not 15 or 20 seconds, but six (6)!! Here are the top 10 takeaways I’d like to share for resumes in 2014: Focus on your most current position. Many people reading resumes do not even look past that first position, so capture their attention right away! Remember that many recruiters are reading resumes on their phones, so make them mobile-friendly (there are applications available to create mobile-friendly resumes). Go for succinctness and clarity of direction, especially in your personal branding. Less is more. That means no 5-6-line summary paragraphs! Include quotes/testimonials on your resume â€" these tidbits are even easier to collect now that LinkedIn recommendations are so commonly given. Create multiple versions of your resume â€" for email, mobile, social media profiles, and yes, one on paper for networking and interviews. In most cases, keep your resume to 1-2 pages. Of course there are exceptions to this rule. In Europe, you may still include a photo, birth date and information about your familial relationships on your resume (Do NOT do this in the U.S., the U.K. or Australia). Generally, the U.S.-style “multinational” resume is becoming the norm. Be sure to have an ATS-friendly resume available for on-line applications. You might want one resume that works for both humans and ATS systems, or you might choose a format that works for both. Consider creating an infographic resume, which is a rising trend. Twitter resumes, video clips and other multi-media presentations will also make you stand out from the competition. Snail mailing a resume can make a good impression! Do it in addition to emailing and submitting on line! Don’t be afraid to include hyperlinks on your resume. This is a great way to keep things concise while offering a portal into the depth of your experience. More and more, resumes are becoming an aggregation of social media, with less content in the resume itself. Wondering about LinkedIn? LinkedIn profiles are a complement to your resume, not a carbon copy. LinkedIn provides an opportunity to be more personal and engaging. As recommended in my e-book, How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, create a robust LinkedIn profile complete with multimedia presentations, projects and videos. And use your LinkedIn Summary to project your “motivation, passion and individuality.” For more detail about trends in a range of job search categories, please go to the full article, Findings of 2013 Global Career Brainstorming Day:   Trends for the Now, the New the Next in Careers. For last year’s report, see my article, Are You Up on the Top Resume Cover Letter Trends of 2012-2013? Were you surprised by any of the findings?   What did you learn?   Please share in the comments below.

Hidden Children of the Holocaust - Physical Hiding

Under the persecution and terror of the Third Reich, Jewish children could not afford simple, childlike pleasures. Though the seriousness of their every action may not have been known in absolutes to them, they lived in a realm of cautiousness and distrust. They were forced to wear the yellow badge, forced out of school, taunted and attacked by others their age, and disallowed from parks and other public places. Some Jewish children went into hiding to escape the increasing persecution and, most importantly, the deportations. Although the most famous example of children in hiding is the story of Anne Frank, every child in hiding had a different experience. There were two main forms of hiding. The first was physical hiding, where children physically hid in an annex, attic, cabinet, etc. The second form of hiding was pretending to be Gentile. Physical Hiding Physical hiding represented an attempt to hide ones complete existence from the outside world.   Location: A place to hide had to be found. Through family and friends, information spread through a network of acquaintances. Someone might offer to hide the family for free, others might ask a price. The size, comfort, and security of hiding places varied tremendously. I dont know how the contact was arranged, but there we stayed in what was actually a cabinet, only sixty or seventy centimeters wide. The length of it would have been a couple of meters because we could all lie on top of each other comfortably. My parents couldnt stand, but I could, and I sort of walked between them. This cabinet was in a cellar, so it was well hidden. Our presence there was so secret, not even the children of the hiding family knew that we were there. That was where we stayed for thirteen months!---Richard Rozen, six years old when went into hiding Children were most often not told about the presence of the hiding place in advance. The location of the hiding place had to remain an absolute secret -- their lives depended on it. Then would come the day to finally move into their hiding place. For some, this day was preplanned; for others, this day was the day they heard word about impending harm or deportation. As nonchalantly as possible, the family would pack a few remaining, important items and leave their home.Daily Life: Each day, these children woke up, knowing that they must be extremely quiet, must move slowly, and that they would not be allowed to leave the confinement of their hiding place. Many of these children would go months, even years, without seeing daylight. In some instances, their parents would make them do a few indoor exercises and stretches to keep their muscles active. In hiding, children had to remain absolutely quiet. Not only was there no running, but there was also no talking or laughing, no walking, and even no flushing the toilets (or dumping the chamber pots). To keep busy, many children would read (sometimes they read the same couple of books over and over because they didnt have access to any new ones), draw (though the supply of paper was not plentiful), listen to stories, listen to adults talking, play with imaginary friends, etc.  Fear: In bunkers (hiding places within ghettoes) the fear of Nazi capture was very great. Jews hid in their hiding places when they were ordered for deportation. Nazis would go from house to house in search of any Jews that were hiding.  The Nazis looked in each house, looked for fake doors, fake walls, mats covering an opening.  When we got to the loft, we found it crowded and the people very tense. There was one young woman trying to comfort an infant who was crying. It was just a tiny baby, but he wouldnt go to sleep, and she couldnt stop him from crying. Finally, she was given a choice by the other adults: Take your crying baby and leave -- or kill the infant. She smothered it. I dont remember if the mother cried, but you didnt have the luxury of weeping. Life was so precious and so ch eap at the same time. You did what you could to save yourself.---Kim Fendrick, six years old when went into hidingFood and Water: Though the families brought some food and provisions with them, no family was prepared to stay in hiding for several years. They soon ran out of food and water. It was difficult to get additional food since most people were on rations. Some families would send one member out at night in the hopes of catching something. Fetching fresh water was also not easy. Some people couldnt take the stench and the darkness, so they left, but ten of us remained in that sewer - for fourteen months! During that time we never went outside or saw daylight. We lived with webs and moss hanging on the wall. The river not only smelled terrible but also it was full of diseases. We got dysentery, and I remember Pavel and me were sick with unrelenting diarrhea. There was only enough clean water for each of us to have half a cup a day. My parents didnt even drink theirs; they gave it to Pavel and me so that we wouldnt die from dehydration.  ---Dr. Kristine Keren, Lack of water became a problem for other reasons too. With no access to a regular supply of water, there was no water to bathe in. Opportunities to wash ones clothes became few and far between. Lice and diseases were rampant. Even though I wasnt eating much, I was being eaten unbelievably. The lice down there were very bold. They would walk out onto my face. Everywhere I put my hand, there was another one. Fortunately, Rosia had a pair of scissors an cut off all my hair. There were body lice too. They would lay eggs in the seams of our clothing. For the whole six or seven months, I was down there in the hole, the only real fun I had was cracking the nits with my thumbnail. It was the only way in which I had even the slightest control over what was going on in my life.---Lola Kaufman, seven years old when went into hidingSickness and Death: Being completely secluded also had many other problems. If someone got sick, they could not be taken to a doctor, nor could one be brought to them. Children suffered through many maladies that could have been tempered if not controlled by contemporary medicine. But what happened if someone did not survive the illness? If you did not exist, then how could there be a body? One year after Selma Goldstein and her parents went into hiding, her father died. The problem was how to get him out of the house, Goldstein recalled. The people next door and the family across the road were Dutch Nazis. So my father was sewn into a bed and the neighbors were told that the bed had to be cleaned. The bed was carried out of the house with my father in it. Then it was brought to a country estate out of town where a good policeman stood guard while my father was buried. For Goldstein, the normal process of mourning the death of her father was replaced by the horrible dilemma of how to get rid of his body.Arrest and Deportation: Though daily life and the proble ms they encountered were difficult to deal with, the real fear was being found. Sometimes the owners of the house they were staying in would be arrested. Sometimes there was information passed that their hiding place was known; thus, the need to evacuate immediately. Because of these situations, Jews often moved hiding places relatively frequently. Sometimes, though, as with  Anne Frank and her family,  the Nazis discovered the hiding place - and they were not warned. When discovered, adults and children were deported to the camps. Hidden Identities Just about everyone has heard of Anne Frank. But have you heard of Jankele Kuperblum, Piotr Kuncewicz, Jan Kochanski, Franek Zielinski, or Jack Kuper? Probably not. Actually, they were all the same person. Instead of hiding physically, some children lived within society but took on a different name and identity in an attempt to hide their Jewish ancestry. The example above actually represents only one child who became these separate identities as he transversed the countryside pretending to be Gentile. The children who hid their identity had a variety of experiences and lived in various situations.   Varied Experiences: Some children stayed with their parents or just their mother and lived among Gentiles with their host not knowing their true identity. Some children were left alone in convents or among families. Some children wandered from village to village as a farmhand. But no matter what the circumstances, all these children shared the need to hide their Jewishness.Children Who Could Hide Their Identity: The people that hid these children wanted children that would be the least risk to them. Thus, young children, especially young girls, were the most easily placed. Youth  was favored because the childs past life was short, thus did not greatly guide their identity. Young children were not likely to slip up or leak information about their Jewishness. Also, these children more easily adapted to their new homes. Girls were more easily placed, not because of a better temperament, but because they lacked the tell-tale sign that boys carried - a circumcised penis. No amount of wo rds or documents could cover or excuse this if it were discovered. Because of this risk, some young boys that were forced to hide their identity were dressed up as girls. Not only did they lose their names and background, but they also lost their gender. My fictional name was Marysia Ulecki. I was supposed to be a distant cousin of the people who were keeping my mother and me. The physical part was easy. After a couple of years in hiding with no haircuts, my hair was very long. The big problem was language. In Polish when a boy says a certain word, its one way, but when a girl says the same word, you change one or two letters. My mother spent a lot of time teaching me to speak and walk and act like a girl. It was a lot to learn, but the task was simplified slightly by the fact that I was supposed to be a little bit backward. They didnt risk taking me to school, but they took me to church. I remember some kid tried to flirt with me, but the lady we were living with told him not to bother with me because I was retarded. After that, the kids left me alone except to make fun of me. In order to go to the bathroom like a girl, I had to practice. It wasnt easy! Quite often I used to come back with wet shoes. But since I was supposed to be a little backward, wetting my shoes made my act all the more convincing.br/>---Richard Rozen Continually Tested: To hide amongst Gentiles by pretending to be Gentile took courage, strength, and determination. Every day these children came upon situations in which their identity was tested. If their real name was Anne, they had better not turn their head if that name were called. Also, what if someone were to recognize them or question their supposed familial relationship with their host? There were many Jewish adults and children who could never attempt to hide their identity within society because of their outward appearance or their voice sounded stereotypically Jewish. Others whose outward appearance did not bring them into  question  had to be careful of their language and of their movements.Going to Church: To  appear Gentile, many children had to go to church. Having never been to church, these children had to find ways to cover for their lack of knowledge. Many children tried to fit into this new role my mimicking others. We had to live and behave like Christians. I was expected to go to confession because I was old enough to have already had my first communion. I didnt have the slightest idea what to do, but I found a way to handle it. Id made friends with some Ukrainian children, and I said to one girl, Tell me how to go to confession in Ukrainian and Ill tell you how we do it in Polish. So she told me what to do and what to say. Then she said, Well, how do you do it in Polish? I said, Its exactly the same, but you speak Polish. I got away with that -- and I went to confession. My problem was that I couldnt bring myself to lie to a priest. I told him it was my first confession. I didnt realize at the time that girls had to wear white dresses and be part of a special ceremony when making their first communion. The priest either didnt pay attention to what I said or else he was a wonderful man, but he didnt give me away.---Rosa Sirota After the War For the children and for many survivors, liberation did not mean the end of their suffering.   Very young children, that were hidden within families, knew nor remembered anything about their real or biological families. Many had been babies when they first entered their new homes. Many of their real families did not come back after the war. But for some  their real families were strangers. Sometimes, the host family was not willing to give up these children after the war. A few organizations were established to kidnap the Jewish children and give them back to their real families. Some host families, though sorry to see the young child go, kept in contact with the children. After the war, many of these children had conflicts adapting to their true identity. Many had been acting Catholic for so long that they had trouble grasping their Jewish ancestry. These children were the survivors and the future - yet they did not identify with being Jewish. How often they must have heard, But you were only a child - how much could it have affected you?How often they must have felt, Though I suffered, how can I be considered a victim or a survivor compared to those who were in the camps?How often they must have cried, When will it be over?

Essay on Designer Babies - 1937 Words

Designer Babies I’ve been poked and prodded at ever since I can remember, but what I didn’t know was that I was actually a poked and prodded at individual even before my existence. Transplanted DNA is what they should have named me instead of Wang. I find my existence to be not as real or as wanted as others who were conceived naturally with both loving parents and even the idea of other loving parents adopting their children. It just seems unfair that my parents would make decisions for me before I was even born. The idea of someone wanting to create their child is absurd. Our bodies own process of getting rid of the bad genes is something we can not control. We can not begin to have the same instinct as our bodies. Allowing this to go†¦show more content†¦Sure the genes come from the birth parents, but altering the outcome of both the mother and father combined defeats the whole point of making a baby together. â€Å"What is more, we know from tracking the life of the adult exactly what the designer baby will look like at the age of two, ten, twenty, thirty and so on† (Dixon). The idea of knowing what ones child will look like when it grows up defeats the whole purpose of life itself. There are no surprises, no set backs, just this steady ongoing nothingness forming a society where there is no more emotions. Parents should love their child for the person they become, no matter what decisions they make in their lifetime. Decisions only they themselves can make, based on their own thoughts. Thus, piecing together the person and their identity, like a puzzle of who they want to grow up to be. Not being able to choose hair and eye color is like taking away that persons right as an individual, freedom of choice. The unborn child will grow up to make their own choices, regardless of the way nature intended them to look like. This is inevitable, and the way of life. Otherwise the child exists as a trophy in the eyes of its parents. A life created against the beauty of traits that make each person unique in their own, one of a kind self made image. Life is a precious commodity, the only thing we ourselves have full control over. The twistsShow MoreRelatedDesigner Babies1566 Words   |  7 PagesCritical Review of Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering Author: Siew Yang Yi Yin Ren. Designer Babies: The Pros and Cons of Genetic Engineering. MURJ Volume 12, Spring 2005. Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism’s genome through direct human manipulation of the DNA using modern technology. Although classical genetic methods using selective breeding has been done by humans since thousands of years ago, the manipulation of genome of organism through advanceRead MoreThe Invention Of Designer Babies1257 Words   |  6 Pagespotential to genetically modify embryos has created controversy whether this procedure if ‘morally correct.’ ‘Designer babies’ have been created by screening embryos for genetic diseases. However, ‘Designer babies’ has also been used to contain selected desired qualities such as eye colour, hair colour and skin complexion. The question remains, â€Å"where is the line drawn for ‘designer babies?’† In Vitro Fertilisation â€Å"In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is a procedure in which eggs (ova) from a woman s ovaryRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesblond hair, artistic, female. Congratulations, you’ve just created what you think is the perfect child. However, there is one small problem with this plan; someone has already tried to create the perfect human. His name is Adolf Hitler. Designer Babies, a form of human genetic engineering, should be banned. When a human is created with a different embryo in a lab that child can feel a lost sense of identity; also, genetic engineering can lead to a loss of human diversity and an imbalance betweenRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthought is scary. Nature has always taken us down the right path but are we really ready to take control? Do we really know enough? Can we handle the consequences? The term that is used for genetically enhanced people is â€Å"Designer Babies†. The Oxford dictionary defines it as â€Å"a baby whose genetic makeup has been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to ensure the presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics.†. Basically an embryo is createdRead MoreDesigner Babies? Essays841 Words   |  4 PagesDesigner Babies Parents can now pick a kids sex and screen for genetic illness. Will they someday select brains and beauty too? In the ever- advancing technological world, scientists discover new and efficient ways to advance society each and every single day. Imagine being able to choose your childs body type, or personality, or IQ. It is not as farfetched as it sounds. Its a process called Gene Therapy, and is being perfected right now. This process rules out any unknowns in childbirthRead MoreCreating a Designer Baby2223 Words   |  9 Pagesmade-to-order child’ (Shannon). With rising concerns of building a baby through eugenics and IVF or In Vitro Fertilization, the government, court systems, activists, and public media is starting to take notice. Being able to pick your babies’ generic make up would be an ethical disaster with a slippery slope into an era where one’s child is created by man with build-a-baby qualities instead of the natural creation of a new life. Creating a designer baby through IVF technology would have severe consequences notRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay863 Words   |  4 PagesDesigner Babies Since the time DNA was discovered, genetic modification has been advancing in our world. Around the late 20th century designing babies became a new topic. Genetic engineering is a powerful and potentially very dangerous tool. To alter the sequence of nucleotides of the DNA that code for the structure of complex living organisms, can have extremely ill effects although the potential benefits can be huge. Today’s advances in gene therapy make it possible to remove bad genes andRead MoreThe Invention Of Designer Babies902 Words   |  4 PagesFrankenstein is fictional, with modern technologies, the creation of designer babies is an increasing reality. Designer babies are genetically engineered in vitro for specially selected traits, which can vary from lowered disease risk to gender selection (â€Å"Ethics of Designer Babies† 1). With the possibility of designer babies becoming a reality, many ethical arguments have come into play. Within these arguments the pros and c ons of designer babies are discussed and many ethical issues are brought up. ThereRead MoreThe Ethics Of Designer Babies943 Words   |  4 PagesClara Johnson Prof. Sara Clark English Composition Essay #4 The Ethics of Designer Babies As we stand in the world today, we as humans have never been more technologically advanced or scientifically intelligent. We have the ability to explore outer space and the depths of the oceans. We are even in the process of developing organs using 3D printing technology. But there is a limit to the extent of advancements that humankind can reach before some begin to pose dangers to humanity or become unethicalRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay1213 Words   |  5 PagesDesigner Babies In the 21st century, genetics will dominate our food, our health, and our environment. Scientists are now talking about the latest taboo on the horizon, hand picking the genes of our children. The questions arise everywhere from society. Have we gone too far with the human genome project? Do we risk creating children as a medical commodity? Could it ultimately lead to parents demanding genetically-engineered offspring with good looks, intelligence, or athletic abilities? It is

Objective of Punishment Free Essays

Objectives of Punishment There have been many rules throughout history some choose to follow those rules and some choose to break the rules. The big question is the product to those who should break the rules. There was a day when parents could spank their children freely and accepted as simply normal. We will write a custom essay sample on Objective of Punishment or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the years went on, society started to see how people would take it too far. Therefore, laws had to change. It is the same within today’s prison system. Individuals are in prison because they broke the rules and would have to serve their time. Some go to federal prison and some go to state prisons. It depends on the type of crime that a person commits; because these prisons harbor different types of criminals they also have different guidelines to follow in terms to punishing the inmates. How does sending one person to state or one person to federal prison affect the correctional system altogether? The State of California’s main goal of sentencing is to match the community sanctions with the offender. The types of community sanctions include: Criminal offenders who benefit from prevention services and are at risk of committing more crimes include: juvenile offenders with learning difficulties, high school dropouts, and urban youth gang members. Prevention services may include activities such as special education programs, and big brother programs. Criminal offenders who have received and benefited from these early intervention services are mostly first time offenders. Early intervention programs can significantly decrease the offender’s chances for committing crimes in the future. Offenders need substance abuse and alcohol counseling-related services, work skill development, and education, (Nieto, 1996). Offenders eligible for these programs are people in prison who can divert to alternative services and programs. The convicted offenders can be a second time or even a third time offenders who failed probation and even convicted of several of nonviolent offenses. California’s â€Å"three strike’s law,† can result in convicted felon sentenced to prison for life if the convicted offenders first two felonies were violent crimes and the third felony committed by the repeat offender is also a violent crime, (Nieto, 1996). The main goal of these sentencing guidelines is to put the targeted offenders with appropriate community sanctions. However, there are some differences and variations in the California sentencing guidelines, which include the punishment by the nature of crime committed, frequency, and severity. A good example took place in Michigan. If an offender is arrested for burglary, which is a class ‘C’ felony in the state of Michigan, and a previous drug arrest, which are also a class C crime. The Michigan sentencing guideline rates provide sentencing options from alternative community corrections to a two-year prison sentence, (Nieto, 1996). The community correction’s alternative gives the judge the option of sentencing the criminal offender to a community-based and secured substance abuse treatment program for a period of six months. Upon successful completion of the treatment program, the offender must complete a probationary period. The discretion of the judge comes from a vast array of options. However, if an offender is found guilty of a serious felony and has prior nonviolent felony, sentencing guidelines provide community corrections and alternatives are not authorized and a minimum two-year prison sentence may be requisite, (Nieto, 1996). Until 1975, the federal bureau of prisons operated under the principles of the medical model of managing inmates. The medical model entailed educational, vocational, and treatment programs that attempted to transform criminal behavior into a positive and productive behaviors that would benefit society. The medical model utilized the federal inmate classification system to manage the inmate population and promote individualized treatment, (Miller, 2011). By 1975, the federal bureau of prisons had a much greater inmate population than it had several decades earlier during its inception, and they adopted the balanced model to manage those inmates. The balanced model no longer promoted individualized treatment. The balanced model was a composite model that focused on a combination of the principles of rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation, (Miller, 2011). Several other major changes over the last few decades have affected the sentencing of those convicted of violating federal laws. The U. S. Sentencing Commission of 985 limited the use of probation for federal offenses, particularly for drug offenses and violent crimes. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 limited the amount of time the prisoners could reduce from their sentences for good behavior. This new law mandated that federal prisoners must serve a minimum of 85% of their sentence. The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 also abolished the use of parole for federal p risoners, (Miller, 2011). Federal prisons manage their inmates within the guidelines of a Prisoners Bill of Rights. The prisoner’s rights include clean and decent living environments. Prisoners also have the rights to develop and maintain skills as a productive worker and have the rights to maintain and reinforce family and community ties, (Miller, 2011). The adoption of prisoner rights has helped the federal prisons avoid much of the legal turmoil that has embroiled the state prison systems. Most of the United States economist believed that in today’s times, the USA experiences the most drastic crisis in decades. All states in the United States report about significant budget shortfalls. As the results, the state governments significantly have to reduce their spending for correctional system. For the last two decades of the 20th Century, the spending for state and federal penitentiaries increased 600% because of the growth of measured requiring economic expenditures, for example, mandatory minimum sentences, truth in sentencing laws and three-strike legislation, (Carlson, 2008). Although economic trends started affecting the consideration of sentencing policy, the public attitude toward crimes has greatly changed. Polls show that more people think that it is necessary to address the root causes of crimes and less support the use of strict measures toward criminals. The attitude toward mandatory sentencing also underwent a change. The pool conducted in 2005 showed that 38% think that mandatory sentencing is a good idea whereas 45% of respondents prefer judicial discretion. This radical change in the attitude can be causing significant drop in the crime rate registered in the country, (Carlson, 2008). State and federal governments respond to the impact of the economic crisis on the correction system in a number of ways. The nature of problems varies, depending on the state, and so varies the strategies used. The most popular measures are as follows: prison closings, cuts of the staff in corrections, reviewing the budget of corrections concerning nonessentials, reconsidering sentencing schemes, establishing sentencing committees and commissions. Everything in life changes all the time and will always be that way, which is why everything about the past be called history. The rules and regulations for punishing the wicked and wrong doers always have been around. Many past mistakes made; consequently, the rules had to have either adjusted or completely erased altogether to fix these mistakes. The system of punishment is not a design to humiliate or degrade individual in any way, it is an intention to teach the difference between what is right and what is wrong according to the guidelines set forth by government officials. As the rules and regulations change, it affects the state and federal prison systems. They have had to become more lenient and tolerant with the individuals punished for their crimes. Still they have to try to maintain order within the walls of the confinement even though tougher laws outside the walls are making it easier to put individuals behind bars causing overcrowding and less money for security. References Carlson, Peter M. (2008). Garrett, Judith Simon, Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory, Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Miller, Whitehead (2011). Report Writing for Criminal Justice Professionals, 4th Edition, p140, Chapter 6, State and Federal Prisons, Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Nieto, Marcus (May 1996). Community Correction Punishments: An Alternative To Incarceration for Nonviolent Offenders. http://www. library. ca. gov/crb/96/08/#RTFToC6. How to cite Objective of Punishment, Papers

Meditation in the Buddhist Traditions-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Question: What are the Nature of Meditation in the Buddhist traditions and why it is Important? Answer: Topic Definition 2500 years ago in India Buddhism began and till date in the East it is the most dominant religion. Worldwide, Buddhism has over 360 million followers. In USA solely one can find over one million Buddhist followers. The concept of Buddhism has influenced even the western cultures of the world through its teachings in distinct areas such as in meditation practices. Buddhism promotes the belief of non violence. In 500 BCE in India there was an Indian price and his name was Gautama. The young price was in internal turmoil to see the sufferings of the life outside the walls of the palace he lived in. He went out to seek answer to many questions he had about life. He succeeded in finding the answers and preached his teachings f or the rest of his life (Gethin, 2015). Buddhist Schools There are many forms of Buddhism. Some believers believe in deity worships while others believe on rituals. There are many schools of thought but the main teachings of all the different schools of thought remains to be the same and that is ending lifes sufferings and ending the rebirth cycle of life. After Gautama Buddha died eighteen different schools of Buddhism emerged. All of them were different representations of Buddhist teachings. Slowly with time all these different schools were merged into two primary schools- Theravada and Mahayana (K and Thera, 2005). Theravada school- As per this school of Buddhist teaching the potentials inside a person to attain Buddha hood can be unleashed only through effort and hard work. Mahayana school The Mahayana Buddhism considered every individual possess the potential inside themselves to attain Buddha hood. Hence they must seek towards salvation using Superior beings known as Bodhisattvas. Meditation mindfulness People are often having the misconception that a spiritual life is one which exists somewhere in the sky. Our daily life is just mundane manifestations of our own selves. Many people also think that to be spiritual one has to leave their normal Earthly life and be alone somewhere away from friends and family. There cannot be anything more wrong than this concept. To be spiritual mean to be kind and to be a humble human being, to be kind to ones own self and to others as well. The question is how can one cultivate kindness in their heart? Just saying the self to be kinder does not always work out properly. For developing this kind of a thought process meditation is recommended. This is also known as deep thinking in Buddhism. The teachings ask people that when they wake up they should start a deep thinking habit. Such a meditation practice must be done before leaving the bed when one has just woke up and the mind is empty of any worldly thoughts (Chodron, 2013). Literature Review Meditation Meditation is a course of action of the mind and the body which is used by an individual for separating themselves from their feelings and thoughts and emptying themselves to increase self awareness. Meditation not necessarily has a religious element associated with it. It is a human activity which at times is used as a therapy for ensuring good health and improving the human immune system. A person who successfully meditates will not think or judge everything which comes across. They will just be in peace and awareness and will believe in living in the present. Meditation is an integral part of Buddhism. But, one who is meditating in Buddhism is not trying to contact the Divine. In Buddhism a human has duality inside them as they have a mind and a body. Uniting these two elements for gaining eternal peace of mind is meditation (Anonymous, 2009). Theories of Meditation Techniques Researched All the different forms of meditation require the individual to sit straight up erect. In such a posture the best results are beloved to be achieved. Different theories of meditation helps people in curing varied kind of problems. The aim of all these theories are however the same. The achievement of peace and internal happiness is the main aim of all meditation styles. Zazen or Zen Meditation The term Zazen means a form of seated zen or meditation in the sitting form. This form of meditation practice originates back from the Chinese form of Zen Buddhism. Indian monk named Bodhidharma from 6th century CE can be the traced to be the source of this form of Buddhism. Generally, in this form of meditation the individual sits over a mat or a cushion on the floor by crossing the legs. Also it was conventionally called as the lotus or the half lotus posture. Today people also practice this on chair. The most significant element of this posture is sitting straight so the back is absolutely straight (Shaw, 2016). Eyes are kept lowered and mouth closed and one looks at the ground two to three feet distance on the floor. Vipassana- This form of meditation comes from Pali and the word Vipassana means clear vision. This is another conventional Buddhist practice coming from the Theravada school of Buddhist traditions. Vipassana meditation involves two stages. The first stage is where an individual meditates and tries to stabilize the mind on one point. This makes considerable improvement on the concentration level of the individual. In the second stage the meditating person clearly sees with closed eyes every sense in every parts of the body. It is as if the mind is focusing from one cell of the body to another without resting on any particular point (Chen, 2014). Mindfulness Meditation This is a mix of the conventional meditation practices of Buddhism and other styles such as Vietnamese Buddhism Zen meditation practices. Mindfulness while breathing in and out during meditation is the primary focus area of this type of meditation practice. This meditation is also a part of the Vipassana style of meditation in Buddhist traditions. The primary focus area is the present time and not being judgmental to thoughts, feelings and senses forms important elements of mindfulness meditation (Neale, 2006). Metta or the Loving Kindness Meditation Metta means love, kindness, humility, goodwill and benevolence in Pali language. The Tibetan and the Theravada school of Buddhist traditions started this form of meditation style. Here the main focus is to increase the gesture of empathizing with others, positive emotional development, development of compassion involving positive and loving approach to ones own self as well (Liveware, 2015). Benefits of Meditation There are endless benefits to mediation practices. For the purpose of simplified understanding the long list is bifurcated into physiological benefits, psychological benefits and spiritual benefits (Horowitz, 2016). There has been a lot of research about the various advantages meditation causes to the human mind and body. Although this is a very ancient form of practice today it is fast becoming a scientific process which proves that with mindfulness while meditating people can create significant impact even on their brains just the way that can on their bodies (Corliss, 2014). Increased levels of concentration Meditation can effectively improve the level of attentiveness, concentration or focus in individuals. Amongst all the techniques used for improving concentration meditation is the most effective one. Meditation has an impact on improving the energy level of the body. While meditating the body and mind gets connected with the energy power source which in turn helps the person do a lot of multitasking with the same focus. Using holy beads while meditating is one great technique which helps neutralizing all blockages which occurs in the energy level of human begins. Concentration levels are not just enhanced with intensive meditation but it is sustained, enhanced, focused and well directed. A natural stress buster Complexities of modern life has made everyone stressed. Such stress is in fact increasing at a fast rate. It can lead to many health problems and affect people physically. Stress can cause mental and physical illness both. Meditation has been witnessed to be having a great deal of psychological effect. It has an effect on the stress, depressions, anxiety, restlessness and pain of the human body. With regular meditation practice one can become emotionally stabilized. Negative thoughts can be kept far as meditation helps the human brain to focus on positives only. To reduce stress there cannot be any better solution than meditation Helps break away from unhealthy habits Fastness of the modern life makes people develop many unhealthy habits on a daily basis. Eating junk food is one such example. People are aware its health impacts but still do not have the conviction to change their unhealthy habits. By practicing meditation one can quit such unhealthy habits very easily. This is because with regular meditation practice it is believed that one will be able to detach oneself from the emotional attachments associated with the practice of any unhealthy habit. This sense of freedom is heavenly and will help one be determined to break away from every kind of unhealthy habit one has nurtured since years. Helps improving decision making and critical thinking- The power of the human brain can be enhanced with meditation. Numerous research studies showcase that people who are engaged in practicing mindful meditation on a daily basis tend to be having better memories. They seem to be reasoning much better than others. The cognitive functioning of the human brain is made more efficient through meditation. Meditation focuses on better breathing techniques which enables more amount of pure oxygen to go inside the human system. As a result the brain performs much better. So, when frustrating situations come cross the brain remains calm and takes the best suitable decisions. Meditation improves interaction with the self- One can attain a much better level of awareness and consciousness if they can connect with their own self better. But today in the hectic fast modern world seldom do we interact with our own selves. Meditation practice helps one to become more aware of their own self. One is aware about the presence of the mind and the body. One is also aware what kind of cravings and urges one has and what one must do to reduce it. Meditation helps understanding the self first. When one is absolutely aware about their own strength and weakness one can make better choices in life (Healthproblog, 2016). Stable emotions Unstable emotions can cause deadly outcomes. People can loose relationships, respect and even jobs if they indulge into emotional outburst every now and then. Such emotional instability is caused by the stress in the physical and psychological aspect of the human body. All these are connected together. With regular meditation practices one can experience an enhancement in their positive mood. The mind becomes strong to face sensitive unwanted situations. Interpretation Mindfulness essentially means to be complete aware of something. In relation to meditation mindful meditation is a total awareness of the human body and mind. It can be interpreted from the above research made of meditation that there are no religious elements associated with meditation. Such meditation practice makes an individual focus more on the present real moment and makes people engage with their current senses to come up with solution of various questions or problems. Mindful meditation erases automatic reactions from the human system. It also is found to be having positive impact on human habits, auto cognitive reactions of the brain, biases etc. There are endless evidences in the literature which shows how meditation has helped individuals heal. This genre of breathing techniques and mind exercise helps bringing a control over the unconscious brain as well. The unconscious human brain makes beliefs about others and surroundings. Based on this a reaction is created inside every individual which makes them act or not act. Based on such actions or inactions an entire life is formed. Such kind of biasness of the human brain can be erased off completely through meditation. Hence the entire perception one has over other things changes. This gives a new perspective to look at things or at people. Hence the reactions made are different. Today varied forms of meditation practices are fast gaining importance. This which was once used as a self help technique today is used all over the world as psychological therapeutic purposes. Such enormous use of meditation would not have possible had there not been any positive outcome received from the entire effort. Hence there is definitely a scientific interpretation of the same on curing so many ailments of the human mind and the body. Methodological Reflection Secondary data sources such as journals, books and published websites has been used to gather data in the above essay. Researches made by other researches on the subject were also referred to. Critical Interpretation As per this research made what is found mainly is that meditation is helpful to individuals on a therapeutic perspective. All the different schools of Buddhism confirm it. The world today is the biggest practitioner of meditation as a means of well begins. But of late there has been critical thought process being developed in many such communities which practices meditation. There is one group of critiques which believes that the link between Buddhism and mindfulness is broken and hence performing such kind of meditation can prove to be dangerous to the mind and the body. There is another critical acclaim made that meditation has become so outrageously popular that a misconception has prevailed in the world that Buddhism is not existing anymore. Out of these two the second one is the main reason for undergoing this present research. Pierce Salguero a Buddhist scholar primarily associated with meditation in a guest blog post in a website Patheos.com discusses this in details. He has a Phd in History of Medicine from the HopkinsSchool of Medicine. He has huge interest in researching and analyzing exchange of ideas in medicine in different cultures. As per Perce Saguaro that in all the readings of historical Buddhist documentations on health of humans and well being little mention has been, made about meditation. Moreover when he studied in Asia or temples in USA which were Buddhist temples even there he found that meditation was not a very prominent features of Buddhism (Whitaker, 2017). It all began in the19th century. Colonial era along with its various reforms, policies and sensibilities gave rise to meditation. Very little in the world is said about Buddhism and meditation as an integral approach. Mindful meditation is nothing but helping an individual shift away his focus from problems to their inner self and make their inside strong enough to combat the outwardly concerns. Conclusion The end question remains to be same that why then people must practice meditation. Many people end of the day prefers meditation or starts their days meditating as they receive beneficial effects by practicing it daily. The critiques have eliminated the reasons why one must meditate. In front of a religious criticism saying that mediation has helped remove stress is an outrageous comment. Buddhism teaches people to be at the present moment and perceive it as a source of light to enlighten their lives. If people can see meditation as that same source of life then the question of such criticism erases away. Buddhism faces similar problems which Islam or Christianity experiences. Whatever is known to the humans about these religions are from human sources. Moreover the writings and scriptures on these studies made in the earliest times had many contradictions in themselves. Many of the teachings, beliefs and practices are transmitted orally from teachers or older generations to students of younger generation. Connecting meditation with Buddhism goes back to these transmitted messages passed on from one generation to another. There is no written documentation that specifies that to perform Buddhism one must be an avid practitioner of meditations. References Anonymous. (2009). Meditation. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/customs/meditation_1.shtml. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Chodron, V. T. (2013). Practicing Buddhism in daily life. Available: https://thubtenchodron.org/2013/09/everyday-dharma/. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Chen, T (2014). The Fundamentals of Meditation Practice. London: Buddha Dharma Education Association Inc.p182. Corliss, J. (2014). Mindfulness meditation may ease anxiety, mental stress. Available: https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/mindfulness-meditation-may-ease-anxiety-mental-stress-201401086967. Last accessed 10th August 2017. Gethin, R (2015). On the Practice of Buddhist Meditation. India: Sage Publication. p22. Horowitz, S. (2016). Health Benefits of Meditation. ALTERNATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES . 16 (4), p30-35. Healthproblog. (2016). Benefits of Meditation. Available: https://www.healthproblog.com/2016/10/14/meditation-benefits-for-health-mental-growth/. Last accessed 10th August 2017. K, V and Thera, S. (2005). Two Main Schools of Buddhism . Available: https://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/59.htm. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Liveware. (2015). Types of Meditation. Available: https://www.southernct.edu/counseling-services/Week%201%20Types-of-Meditation-LiveAndDare.com_.pdf. Last accessed 9th August 2017. Neale, M. I (2006). MINDFULNESS MEDITATION. California: Pearson Education. p30. Shaw, S (2016). BUDDHIST MEDITATION. UK: Routledge. p200-256. Whitaker, J. (2017). A Roundup of Critical Perspectives on Meditation. Available: https://www.patheos.com/blogs/americanbuddhist/2017/05/a-roundup-of-critical-perspectives-on-meditation.html. Last accessed 9th August 2017.